Resource-saving materials, structures, buildings and structures
These new results of fundamental and applied research in the field of building materials and their production technologies, theories of resistance elements of building structures outside influences, methods of calculation. Some questions on the basics and foundations and strengthening of buildings
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF ALTERNATIVE AGGREGATES FROM THE CARPATHIAN REGION IN THE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS AND BLOCKS
aggregate, concrete mix, modifying admixture, strength, wall block, road slab The paper presents the results of an experimental study on factory-produced reinforced concrete road slabs and wall blocks in which conventional aggregates were replaced with alternative local aggregates from the Carpathian region, namely gravel crushed stone and sandstone crushed stone. The main objective was to determine whether the use of local aggregates can ensure the required strength, frost resistance, and concrete uniformity for factory-made slabs and blocks of strength class C16/20 with a design frost resistance class F150. To this end, four concrete mix compositions were developed: slabs and blocks produced with gravel aggregate, and slabs and blocks produced with sandstone aggregate. The workability of the mixtures was maintained at S3 for blocks and S1 for slabs by combining the superplasticizer Plastidor 5 with the air-entraining admixture Plastidor 71 at a constant water–cement ratio. Concrete strength was determined on cubic specimens after one day of curing, after heat-and-moisture treatment, and at 28 days, enabling evaluation of both early-age and long-term strength development for each composition. Frost resistance was assessed using an accelerated cyclic freezing–thawing method in a 5% saline solution, with strength changes recorded after a specified number of cycles. All tested compositions achieved 28-day compressive strength values that substantially exceeded the normative requirements for class C16/20, while the relative strength loss after freezing–thawing cycles remained within approximately 6–12%, consistent with the requirements for concrete of class F150. In parallel with destructive testing, non-destructive assessment of strength and its distribution in finished slabs and blocks was performed using rebound hammer testing and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements, followed by conversion to equivalent strength values. Overall, concrete made with gravel aggregate exhibited slightly higher strength and lower strength loss after frost cycles than concrete made with sandstone aggregate; however, both types of local aggregates provided acceptable performance characteristics. Jang J., Jeong E., Cho J., Kim T. W. Exploring Simultaneous Effects of Delay Factors in Precast Concrete Installation. Buildings. 2024. Vol. 14, no. 12. P. 3894. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123894 Liu W., Tao X., Mao C., He W. Scheduling optimization for production of prefabricated components with parallel work of serial machines. Automation in Construction. 2023. Vol. 148. P. 104770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.104770 Vijerathne D., Wahala S., Illankoon C. Impact of Crushed Natural Aggregate on Environmental Footprint of the Construction Industry: Enhancing Sustainability in Aggregate Production. Buildings. 2024. Vol. 14, no. 9. P. 2770. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092770 Matar M., Aday A. N., Adams C. J., Suraneni P. Salt-scaling resistance of biomimetic PEG–PVA-modified concrete. Materials and Structures. 2025. Vol. 58, no. 4. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02623-y . Yang C., Zhou W., Zhao H., Zhou M. Frost resistance improvement of recycled powder concrete by chemical admixtures. Scientific Reports. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35840-8 Abbas M. M., Muntean R. The Effectiveness of Different Additives on Concrete’s Freeze–Thaw Durability: A Review. Materials. 2025. Vol. 18, no. 5. P. 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18050978 Kapeluszna E. Mutual compatibility of superplasticizers (PC, SNF), grinding aids, and cement composition: Effects on rheology and air content. Construction and Building Materials. 2023. P. 131589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131589 . Zhang R., Feng X., Mou Z., Zhang Y. Green optimization for precast production rescheduling based on disruption management. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2023. Vol. 420. P. 138406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138406 Andrusyak A. V., Silchuk D. V., Velychkovych A. S. Assessment of the efficiency of designing the compositions of concrete mixtures using alternative aggregates from the natural resources of the Carpathian region. Modern technologies and methods of calculations in construction. 2024. No. 21. P. 15–28. https://doi.org/10.36910/6775-2410-6208-2024-11(21)-02 Velychkovych A. S., Andrusyak A. V., Silchuk D. V. Evaluation of the properties of coarse aggregates from crushed rock in the western region of Ukraine for the production of concrete mixes. Modern Technologies and Methods of Calculations in Construction. 2025. No. 23. P. 89–104. https://doi.org/10.36910/6775-2410-6208-2025-13(23)-09 Andrusyak A. V., Silchuk D. V., Velychkovych A. S. Development of concrete mixtures based on aggregates from different regions of Ukraine to produce hardened concrete of the same strength class. Resource-saving materials, structures, buildings and structures. 2025. No. 47. P. 18–31. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i47.02. Saeheaw T. Interpretable Machine Learning Framework for Non-Destructive Concrete Strength Prediction with Physics-Consistent Feature Analysis. Buildings. 2025. Vol. 15, no. 15. P. 2601. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152601
Copyright (c) 2026 Resource-saving materials, structures, buildings and structures
ADDITION OF BLAST-MILL SLAG TO PORTLAND CEMENT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THERMO-MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CEMENT-CONTAINING COMPOSITIONS
Blast furnace slag, Portland cement, grinding, exothermic, compressive strength This article presents experimental results reflecting the influence of ground blast furnace slag content on the physicomechanical properties (bulk and true density, specific surface area, normal consistency, setting time, and compressive strength of cement paste) and the exothermic properties of the binder. This cement was produced by mixing PC Ⅰ Portland cement (S = 382 m²/kg) with ground blast furnace slag (S = 350 m²/kg), the amount of which was adjusted from 0 to 35% of the mixed binder mass. The experiments revealed that the addition of blast furnace slag (35%) to Portland cement reduced the binder's bulk density from 982 to 940 kg/m³, its true consistency from 3.02 to 2.90 g/cm³, and its specific surface area from 382 to 340 m²/kg. The addition of a given amount of ground blast-furnace slag to cement reduces the normal density of the cement paste from 29.5 to 28.7%. Increasing the blast-furnace slag content in the mixed binder (from 0 to 35%) leads to an increase in the setting time of the cement paste: from 3:00 to 4:30 hours, and from 4:50 to 7:10 hours. Increasing the amount of ground blast-furnace slag in the binder leads to a decrease in exothermic heating from 45.6°C (no blast-furnace slag) to 31°C (35% blast-furnace slag in the mixed binder). These results indicate that the addition of blast-furnace slag to Portland cement reduces the strength of the cement paste for all specified curing periods. It should be noted that with increasing age of the cement stone (from 3 to 28 days), the difference in strength between cement without additives (no blast furnace slag) and cement with blast furnace slag (35%) decreases. This can be explained by the hydration activity of blast furnace slag. 1. Сторчай Н.С., Савін Ю.Л., Волнянська І.П. Науково-технічне обґрунтування використання мінеральних дисперсних систем техногенного походження. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди. 2020. Вип. 38. С. 277-282. Storchai N.S., Savin Yu.L., Volnianska I.P. Naukovo-tekhnichne obgruntuvannia vykorystannia mineralnykh dyspersnykh system tekhnohennoho pokhodzhennia. Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsii, budivli ta sporudy. 2020. Vyp. 38. S. 277-282. 2. Саницький М.А., Кропивницька Т.П., Гев' юк У. М. Швидкотверднучі клінкер-ефективні цементи та бетони. Монографія. Львів: ТОВ Простір-М, 2021, 206с. Sanytskyi M.A., Kropyvnytska T.P., Hev' yuk U. M. Shvydkotverdnuchi klinker-efektyvni tsementy ta betony. Monohrafiia. Lviv: TOV Prostir-M, 2021, 206s. 3. Дворкін Л.Й. та інші Ефективні технології бетонів та розчинів із застусуванням техногенної сировини/ Л.Й. Дворкін, В.В. Житковський, В.В. Марчук, Ю. Стасюк, М.М. Скрипник. Монографія. Рівне: НУВГП, 2017, 424с. Dvorkin L.Y. ta inshi Efektyvni tekhnolohii betoniv ta rozchyniv iz zastusuvanniam tekhnohennoi syrovyny/ L.Y. Dvorkin, V.V. Zhytkovskyi, V.V. Marchuk, Yu. Stasiuk, M.M. Skrypnyk. Monohrafiia. Rivne: NUVHP, 2017, 424s 4. Kožul N. et al. Influence of ultrafine mineral additives on the durability of concrete. Materials. 2019. Vol. 12(8). P. 1313. 5. Barabasch I.V., Babiy I.M., Streltsov K.O. Intensive separate technology and its influence on the properties of cement -Water compositions, solutions and concretes on their basis // Modern con struction and architecture, Issue N2. Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2022. P. 44-51. https://doi.org/10.31650/2786-6696-2022-2-44-51 6. Русин Б.Г. Високофункціональні бетони на основі портландцементів, модифікованих ультрадисперсними мінеральними добавками: авторец. дис. на здобуття наук. ст. к.т.н. за спец. 05.23.05/ НУ «Львівська політехніка». Львів. 2014. 21с. Rusyn B.H. Vysokofunktsionalni betony na osnovi portlandtsementiv, modyfikovanykh ultradyspersnymy mineralnymy dobavkamy: avtorets. dys. na zdobuttia nauk. st. k.t.n. za spets. 05.23.05/ NU «Lvivska politekhnika». Lviv. 2014. 21s. 7. Gots, Volodimir & Rudenko, Igor & Lastivka, Oles & Volinska, E.V. Роль хімічних добавок у формуванні властивостей лужних цементів. Кераміка: наука і життя. 2017. Вип. 3(36). С. 5-14. https://doi.org/10.26909/csl.3.2017.1 8. Gots, Volodimir & Rudenko, Igor & Lastivka, Oles & Lakusta, Sergei & Volinska, E.V. Особливості формування порової структури бетону на основі лужного цементу. Будівельне виробництво. 2017. Вип. 63(1). С. 20-27. 9. Rudenko, Igor & Kryvenko, Pavlo & Gots, Volodimir & Runova, Rayisa & Lastivka, Oles. Features of Alkali-Activated Slag Portland Cement. Conference: 1-st Intern. Conf. On the Chemistry of Construction MaterialsAt: Berlin, Germany. 2013. P. 453-456. 10. Fang, Yonghao & Lu, Zheng & Wang, Zhong. FT-IR Study on Early-Age Hydration of Alkali-Activated Slag Cement. Key Engineering Materials. 2011. Vol. 492. P. 429-432. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.492.429 11. Newlands, Katrina & Macphee, Donald. The reactivity of aluminosilicate glasses in cements – effects of Ca content on dissolution characteristics and surface precipitation. Advances in Applied Ceramics. 2017. Vol. 116. P. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2017.1299986
CEMENT-FREE AND LOW-CEMENT PRESSED MATERIALS BASED ON DISPERSED CONCRETE WASTE
Concrete waste, pressing, thermoactivation, strength, water resistance, curing. The scientific and practical task of this study was to assess the possibility of producing pressed cement-free and low-cement materials based on dispersed concrete waste and to determine the technological factors governing their structure formation and properties. The raw material was a fine fraction of crushed concrete debris smaller than 0.14 mm, used as the main solid component for semi-dry pressing. Four systems were studied: untreated dispersed concrete waste, thermally activated waste, and compositions containing 2.5% and 5% Portland cement. The influence of moulding moisture, pressing pressure, and curing conditions on compressive strength, density, and water resistance was evaluated. The results showed that the properties of the pressed materials are controlled by the combined effect of moisture content, compaction pressure, and curing regime. For the investigated system, rational technological parameters were a moisture content of 12-13%, a pressing pressure of 20 MPa, and air-moist curing. Under these conditions, cement-free and low-cement pressed materials with gradual strength development were obtained. It was established that both thermal activation of dispersed concrete waste at 600 °C and the introduction of small amounts of Portland cement improved compressive strength and water resistance. The highest performance was achieved for the composition with 5% cement, which reached a compressive strength of 12.8 MPa and a softening coefficient of 0.86 at 28 days. Thermal activation also proved effective, providing a 28-day strength of 11.4 MPa without a substantial increase in cement content. The obtained results confirm the prospects of using dispersed concrete waste as a structurally active component of pressed building composites. Rocha J. H., Toledo Filho R. D. The utilization of recycled concrete powder as supplementary cementitious material in cement-based materials: a systematic literature review // Journal of Building Engineering. 2023. Vol. 76. Article 107319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107319 Kaptan K., Cunha S., Aguiar J. A review of the utilization of recycled powder from concrete waste as a cement partial replacement in cement-based materials: fundamental properties and activation methods // Applied Sciences. 2024. Vol. 14, № 21. Article 9775. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219775 Duchesne J. Alternative supplementary cementitious materials for sustainable concrete structures: a review on characterization and properties // Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2021. Vol. 12. P. 1219–1236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01068-4 Zajac M., Skocek J., Gołek Ł., Deja J. Supplementary cementitious materials based on recycled concrete paste // Journal of Cleaner Production. 2023. Vol. 387. Article 135743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135743 Sakai Y., Tarekegne B. T., Kishi T. Recycling of hardened cementitious material by pressure and control of volumetric change // Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology. 2016. Vol. 14, № 2. P. 47–54. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.14.47 Dvorkin L., Bordiuzhenko O., Makarenko R. Contact hardening binders using rock crushing waste // Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy. 2024. Vol. 59, № 4. P. 925–934. https://doi.org/10.59957/jctm.v59.i4.2024.23 Runova R., Gots V., Rudenko I., Konstantynovskyi O. The efficiency of plasticizing surfactants in alkali-activated cement mortars and concretes // MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018. Vol. 230. Article 03016. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823003016 Niesz D. E. A review of ceramic powder compaction // KONA Powder and Particle Journal. 1996. Vol. 14. P. 44–51. https://doi.org/10.14356/kona.1996009 Oberacker R. Powder compaction by dry pressing // Ceramics Science and Technology. Vol. 3: Synthesis and Processing / eds. R. Riedel, I.-W. Chen. Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, 2012. P. 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527631957.ch1 Cabiscol R., Shi H., Wünsch I., Magnanimo V., Finke J. H., Luding S., Kwade A. Effect of particle size on powder compaction and tablet strength using limestone // Advanced Powder Technology. 2020. Vol. 31, № 3. P. 1280–1289.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.12.033
EFFECT OF GLASS POWER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT ON THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS SUBJECTED TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
Concrete Properties, Mixing, Flexural Behavior, Compressive Strength, Waste Glass Powder, Elevated Temperature. Deformation and failure processes of reinforced concrete beams, in which cement is partially replaced by finely divided glass powder, under bending under thermal loading. The relevance of this work stems from the search for environmentally friendly methods of glass waste disposal and the improvement of the fire resistance of concrete structures. The study analyzes the physical and mechanical properties of modified concrete, in which glass powder acts as an active pozzolanic additive. Particular attention is paid to changes in the microstructure of the cement paste when heated to critical temperatures ($300–600$°C) and their effect on the adhesion of concrete to reinforcement. The nature of changes in the load-bearing capacity, stiffness, and crack resistance of beams under the influence of bending moments was experimentally determined. It was found that the optimal percentage of cement replacement with glass powder allows not only to preserve strength characteristics under normal conditions but also to slow down the thermal degradation of the concrete structure due to denser particle packing and changes in the phase composition of hydration products. The scientific novelty lies in establishing quantitative relationships between the glass powder content and the residual strength of reinforced elements after a thermal cycle. The practical significance of the results lies in the development of recommendations for the use of recycled glass raw materials to create concretes with improved performance properties for structures at increased risk of thermal exposure. The results of the studies showed that the initial moment of failure for beams with 5%, 10%, and 20% replacement decreased, while for beams with 15% replacement, it increased by 50% compared to the control sample for beams tested at laboratory temperature, which is a promising direction for modern research. 1. P.Chindaprasrt, T.Cao Setting, segregation and bleeding of alkali-activated cement, mortar and concrete binders / Handbook of Alkali-activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes, WP, 2015, p.p.113-131. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782422884.2.113 2. Krivenko , Petropavlovskii O., Vozniuk H., Lakusta S. The development of alkali-activated cement mixtures for fast rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures / Procedia Engineering 195 (2017), p.p. 142-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.536 3. ДСТУБВ.2.7-185:2009 "Цементи. Методи визначення нормальної густоти, строків тужавлення та рівномірності зміни об'єму".DSTU B 2.7-185:2009 "Tsementy. Metody vyznachennia normalnoi hustoty, strokiv tuzhavlennia ta rivnomirnosti zminy obiemu. DSTUBV.2.7-185:2009 "Tsementy. Metody vyznachennia normalnoi hustoty, strokiv tuzhavlennia ta rivnomirnosti zminy obiemu".DSTU B V.2.7-185:2009 "Tsementy. Metody vyznachennia normalnoi hustoty, strokiv tuzhavlennia ta rivnomirnosti zminy obiemu. 4. Berdnyk O Yu, Lastivka O V, Maystrenko A A, Amelina N O. Processes of structure formation and neoformation of basalt fiber in an alkaline environment. – IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/907/1/012036
FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE DISPERSED FRACTION OF CONCRETE SCRAP ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MORTAR FOR MASONRY
dispersed fraction of concrete scrap, efficiency, mathematical planning, compressive strength, shear bond strength, water absorption, fly ash. The article presents the results of a study of the influence of the fine fraction of concrete scrap on the physical and mechanical properties of construction mortar. The fine fraction of concrete scrap was obtained by crushing, grinding and fractionation of concrete scrap. During the research, the possibility of obtaining optimal physical and mechanical parameters of the mortar for masonry is experimentally established under the condition of using finely dispersed fraction of concrete scrap (DFBB) as a partial substitute for cement. The study also used the method of mathematical experimental design. Models of the dependence of the influence of factors on the main physical and mechanical properties of the mortar for masonry were obtained: compressive strength of the mortar, shear bond strength, water absorption. The results obtained during the experiment confirm the positive effect of using DFBB as a partial substitute for cement. The results of experimental studies indicate a positive effect of DFBB on the formation of the structure and operational properties of masonry mortar. It has been established that with a rational content of the fine fraction of concrete scrap, it is possible to increase the compressive strength and adhesion of the mortar with a simultaneous decrease in water absorption, which is important for ensuring the durability of the masonry. The results obtained confirm the feasibility of using the finely dispersed fraction of concrete scrap as a partial substitute for cement in the compositions of construction mortars and open up prospects for its practical application in order to increase the resource efficiency and environmental friendliness of building materials. 1. Дворкін Л. Й., Дворкін О. Л., Пушкарьова К. К., Кочевих М. О., Мохорт М. А. Використання техногенних продуктів у будівництві. Рівне: НУВГП, 2009. 340 с. Dvorkin L. Y., Dvorkin O. L., Pushkarova K. K., Kochevykh M. O., Mokhort M. A. Vykorystannia tekhnohennykh produktiv u budivnytstvi. Rivne: NUVHP, 2009. 340 s. 2. Дворкін Л.Й., Житковський В.В., Марчук В.В. Ефективні сухі будівельні суміші та розчини на їх основі: монографія. Київ: Каравела, 2024. 348с. Dvorkin L.Y., Zhytkovskyi V.V., Marchuk V.V. Efektyvni sukhi budivelni sumishi ta rozchyny na yikh osnovi: monohrafiia. Kyiv: Karavela, 2024. 348s. 3. Дворкін Л. Й. Бетони нового покоління / Л. Й. Дворкін, В. В. Житковський, О. М. Бордюженко, В. В. Марчук, Ю. О. Рубцова. НУВГП. 2021. 317 с. Dvorkin L. Y. Betony novoho pokolinnia / L. Y. Dvorkin, V. V. Zhytkovskyi, O. M. Bordiuzhenko, V. V. Marchuk, Yu. O. Rubtsova. NUVHP. 2021. 317 s. 4. ДСТУ EN 1015-11:2022 «Методи випробування розчину для кладки. Частина 11. Визначення міцності на згин і стиск затверділого розчину» (EN 1015-11:2019, IDT). 5. ДСТУ EN 1015-18:2022 «Методи випробування розчину для ктладки. Частина 18. Визначення коефіцієнта водопоглинання за рахунок капілярної дії затверділого розчину» (EN 1015-18:2002, IDT). 6. Дворкін Л.Й. Добавки у бетонах та розчинах: навчальний посібник. Київ: Каравела, 2025. 205с. Dvorkin L.Y. Dobavky u betonakh ta rozchynakh: navchalnyi posibnyk. Kyiv: Karavela, 2025. 205s. 7. Гоц В. І. Бетони і будівельні розчини : підручник. К. : ТОВ УВПК «ЕксОб», К. : КНУБА, 2003. 472 с. Hots V. I. Betony i budivelni rozchyny : pidruchnyk. K. : TOV UVPK «EksOb», K. : KNUBA, 2003. 472 s. 8. Zhou W.J.; Ji Z.Y.; Zhao L.; He G.X. Basic Performance of Construction Waste Recycled Powder and Its Influence on Properties of Cement Mortar. China Concr. Cem. Prod. 2019, 3, 93–96. 9. Ortega J.M.; Letelier V.; Solas C.; Moriconi G.; Climent M.; Sánchez I. Long-Term Effects of Waste Brick Powder Addition in the Microstructure and Service Properties of Mortars. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 182, 691–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.161 10. Liu Y.; Lu C.; Zhang H.Q.; Li J.P. Experimental Research on Cementitious Property of Renewable Powders of Construction Waste. China Powder Sci. Technolo. 2015, 21, 33–36.
INFLUENCE OF COMPONENT LOADING AND MIXING TECHNOLOGY ON THE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETES
Concrete mixture, loading technology, mixture mixing time, structural concrete, strength characteristics, strength class of concrete. This scientific work continues previous research related to the classification of structural concretes based on their strength and deformational characteristics under an optimal mixing time of 180 seconds. As a result of strength tests on cube and prism specimens, concrete classes by axial compressive strength were established, not less than C16/20 (B20). The analysis of the current state of concrete development and research has shown that one of the technological factors for improving the quality of concrete mixtures is the specific sequence of feeding and mixing the components, which significantly influences the strength characteristics of the resulting concrete. In laboratory conditions, investigations were carried out on the strength and class of concrete under two experimental technologies of loading and mixing the components of the concrete mixture, with the optimal mixing time of 180 s. For this purpose, 16 cube specimens of 100 × 100 × 100 mm and 12 prism specimens of 100 × 100 × 400 mm were manufactured and tested. The obtained strength values of the experimental structural concretes and their class determination were compared with analogous strength indicators of concrete produced using the conventional technology of loading and mixing the components under the same optimal mixing time of 180 s. The results of the strength tests of concretes indicated that, in order to achieve a guaranteed class of structural concrete not less than B22.5 (class C not standardized) at the optimal mixing time of 180 s, it is necessary to apply the following technology of loading and mixing the components of the concrete mixture. According to this technology, first, 1 volumetric part of water and 5 volumetric parts of cement are added into the mixer and mixed for 30 s. Then, with the mixer stopped, 10 volumetric parts of sand and 2.5 volumetric parts of water are added, followed by mixing for 30 s. Finally, with the mixer drum rotating, 15 volumetric parts of crushed stone are added, and the entire mixture is mixed for 180 s until a homogeneous mass is obtained. 1. Конопляник О., Жук Д. Вплив часу перемішування бетонних сумішей на міцнісні характеристики конструкційних бетонів. Український журнал будівництва та архітектури. 2025. №3(027). С. 81–91. URL: https://doi.org/10.30838/UJCEA.2312.270425.81.1164. (дата звернення: 19.02.2026) Konoplyanyk O., Zhuk D. (2025). Vplyv chasu peremishuvannya betonnykh sumishey na mitsnisni kharakterystyky konstruktsiynykh betoniv [The influence of mixing time of concrete mixtures on the strength characteristics of structural concrete]. Ukrayinsʹkyy zhurnal budivnytstva ta arkhitektury, 3(027), pp. 81-91. (in Ukrainian). URL: https://doi.org/10.30838/UJCEA.2312.270425.81.1164. (date of access: 19.02.2026) 2. Конопляник О., Жук Д. Вплив часу перемішування бетонних сумішей на деформативні характеристики конструкційних бетонів. Будівельні конструкції. Теорія і практика. 2025. вип. 17. С. 119–130. URL: https://doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.17.2025.119-130. (дата звернення: 19.02.2026) Konoplyanyk O., Zhuk D. (2025). Vplyv chasu peremishuvannya betonnykh sumishey na deformatyvni kharakterystyky konstruktsiynykh betoniv [Influence of mixing time of concrete mixtures on deformation characteristics of structural concrete]. Budivelʹni konstruktsiyi. Teoriya i praktyka, iss. 17, 119-130. (in Ukrainian). URL: https://doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.17.2025.119-130. (date of access: 19.02.2026) 3. Zhao, K., Zhao, L., Zhang, X., Feng, Z., & Yang, S. An experimental study on the mixing process and properties of concrete based on an improved three-stage mixing approach. Materials and Structures. 2022. Vol. 55, iss. 134. URL: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-01976-y. (дата звернення: 19.02.2026) 4. Teichmann, A., Strahm, B., Garrecht, H., Blandini, L. Effects of a two-stage mixing process on the characteristics of concrete: Part I - Hardened concrete. Results in Materials. 2024. Vol. 23, no. 100604. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2024.100604. (дата звернення: 19.02.2026) 5. ДСТУ-Н Б В.2.6-203:2015. Настанова з виконання робіт при виготовленні та монтажі будівельних конструкцій. Чинний від 01.04.2016. Вид. офіц. Київ : Мінрегіон України, 2015. 70 с. DSTU-N B V.2.6-203:2015. (2015). Nastanova z vykonannia robit pry vyhotovlenni ta montazhi budivelnykh konstruktsii [Guideline for execution of works in the manufacture and installation of building structures]. Kyiv: Minrehion Ukrainy. (in Ukrainian) 6. ДСТУ Б В.2.7-224:2009. Будівельні матеріали. Бетони. Правила контролю міцності. На заміну ГОСТ 18105-86 ; чинний від 01.09.2010. Вид. офіц. Київ : Мінрегіонбуд України, 2010. 23 с. DSTU B V.2.7-224:2009. (2010). Budivelni materialy. Betony. Pravyla kontroliu mitsnosti [Building materials. Concretes. Strength control rules]. Kyiv: Minrehionbud Ukrainy. (in Ukrainian) 7. ДСТУ Б В.2.7-214:2009. Бетони. Методи визначення міцності за контрольною серією зразків. На заміну ГОСТ 10180-90 ; чинний від 01.09.2010. Вид. офіц. Київ : Мінрегіонбуд України, 2010. 43 с. DSTU B V.2.7-214:2009. (2010). Betony. Metody vyznachennia mitsnosti za kontrolnoiu seriieiu zrazkiv [Concretes. Methods for determination of strength by control series of samples]. Kyiv: Minrehionbud Ukrainy. (in Ukrainian) 8. ДСТУ Б В.2.7-170:2008. Будівельні матеріали. Бетони. Методи визначення середньої густини, вологості, водопоглинання, пористості і водонепроникності. На заміну ГОСТ 12730.0-78, ГОСТ 12730.2-78, ГОСТ 12730.1-78, ГОСТ 12730.3-78, ГОСТ 12730.5-78, ГОСТ 12730.4-78 ; чинний від 01.07.2009. Вид. офіц. Київ : Мінрегіонбуд України, 2009. 37 с. DSTU B V.2.7-170:2008. (2009). Budivelni materialy. Betony. Metody vyznachennia serednoi hustyny, volohosti, vodopohlynannia, porystosti i vodoneprynyknosti [Building materials. Concretes. Methods for determination of average density, moisture content, water absorption, porosity and water permeability]. Kyiv: Minrehionbud Ukrainy. (in Ukrainian) 9. ДСТУ EN 206:2022 (EN 206:2013 + A2:2021, IDT). Бетон. Специфікація, продуктивність, виробництво та відповідність. На заміну ДСТУ Б В.2.7-176:2008 ; чинний від 31.12.2023. Київ : ДП «УкрНДНЦ», 2023. DSTU EN 206:2022 (EN 206:2013 + A2:2021, IDT). (2023). Beton. Spetsyfikatsiia, produktyvnist, vyrobnytstvo ta vidpovidnist [Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity]. Kyiv: DP «UkrNDNTS». (in English) 10. ДСТУ Б В.2.7-217:2009. Будівельні матеріали. Бетони. Методи визначення призмової міцності, модуля пружності і коефіцієнта Пуассона. На заміну ГОСТ 24452-80 ; чинний від 01.01.2010. Вид. офіц. Київ : Мінрегіонбуд України, 2010. 16 с. DSTU B V.2.7-217:2009. (2010). Budivelni materialy. Betony. Metody vyznachennia pryzmovoi mitsnosti, modulia pruzhnosti i koefitsiienta Puassona [Building materials. Concretes. Methods for determining prism strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio]. Kyiv: Minrehionbud Ukrainy. (in Ukrainian)
STRENGTH OF FIBER-REINFORCED EXPANDED CLAY CONCRETE WITH MULTI-COMPONENT BINDER
Expanded clay concrete, basalt fiber, multi-component binder, compression, bending, strength The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the strength of expanded clay concrete with a multi-component binder incorporating basalt fiber, as well as an assessment of the effect of basalt fiber on the mechanical properties of concrete. During the experimental program, four concrete mixtures were produced and tested at the ages of 7, 28, and 90 days. The composition of structural expanded clay concrete with a multi-component binder corresponding to a design strength of 20 MPa was adopted for the study. Based on the obtained experimental data and using probability theory and mathematical statistics, a mathematical model of compressive and flexural strength of expanded clay concrete with a multi-component binder was developed as a function of basalt fiber content and testing age. The analysis of the experimental results showed that the incorporation of 1.0% basalt fiber increases compressive strength by 20%, while 1.5% basalt fiber results in an increase of 47%. At the same time, flexural strength increases by more than 25% with 1.0% basalt fiber and by more than 65% with 1.5% basalt fiber. These results indicate that a higher content of basalt fiber in expanded clay concrete with a multi-component binder leads to improved strength characteristics. The optimal content is 1.5% basalt fiber, which is recommended for use in both flexural and compressed structural elements. 1. Бабич Є.М., Дробишинець С.Я. Робота і розрахунок згинальних сталефібробетонних елементів: монографія. Луцьк: ЛНТУ, 2012. 194 с. Babych Ye.M., Drobyshynets S.Ia. Robota i rozrakhunok zghynalnykh stalefibrobetonnykh elementiv: monohrafiia. Lutsk: LNTU, 2012. 194 s. 2. Дворкін Л.Й. Високоміцні бетони: навчальний посібник / Л.Й. Дворкін, В.В. Житковський, Р.М. Макаренко // Київ,2022. - 216c. Dvorkin L.I. Vysokomitsni betony: navchalnyi posibnyk / L.I. Dvorkin, V.V. Zhytkovskyi, R.M. Makarenko // Kyiv, 2022. - 216c. 3. Кравченко С.А. Конструкційні та конструкційно-теплоізоляційні легкі бетони на пористих заповнювачах. / С.А. Кравченко, О.О. Постернак, І.А. Столевич // Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції,будівлі та споруди: зб. наук. праць, вип. № 31. Рівне, УДУВГП, 2015. С.213 – 221. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i31.38 Kravchenko S.A. Konstruktsiini ta konstruktsiino-teploizoliatsiini lehki betony na porystykh zapovniuvachakh. / S.A. Kravchenko, O.O. Posternak, I.A. Stolevych // Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsii,budivli ta sporudy: zb. nauk. prats, vyp. № 31. Rivne, UDUVHP, 2015. S.213 – 221. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i31.38 4. Дворкін Л.І. Випробування бетонів та розчинів. Проектування їх складу. - М: ІнфраІнженерія, 2017, 432 С. Dvorkin L.I. Vyprobuvannia betoniv ta rozchyniv. Proektuvannia yikh skladu. - M: InfraInzheneriia, 2017, 432 S. 5. Солодкий С.Й., Марків Т.Є., Холод Т.П. Способи регулювання тріщиностійкості високоміцних бетонів. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди, зб. наук. пр. Рівне [б. в.], 2015. Вип. 31. С. 357–362. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i31.114 Solodkyi S.I., Markiv T.Ie., Kholod T.P. Sposoby rehuliuvannia trishchynostiikosti vysokomitsnykh betoniv. Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsii, budivli ta sporudy, zb. nauk. pr. Rivne [b. v.], 2015. Vyp. 31. S. 357–362. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i31.114 6. ДСТУ Б В.2.7-214:2009. Будівельні матеріали. Бетони. Методи визначення міцності за контрольними зразками. [Чинний від 2010-09-01]. Вид. офіц. Київ: Мінрегіонбуд України, 2010. 43 с. DSTU B V.2.7-214:2009. Budivelni materialy. Betony. Metody vyznachennia mitsnosti za kontrolnymy zrazkamy. [Chynnyi vid 2010-09-01]. Vyd. ofits. Kyiv: Minrehionbud Ukrainy, 2010. 43 s.
INFLUENCE OF A COMPLEX POLYFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVE ON THE PROPERTIES OF OIL-WELL CEMENT
oil-well cement, finesses of cement, polycarboxylate superplasticizer, cellulose ether, free water separation, spreading, thickening time to a consistency 30 Bc. The article describes studies of effectiveness adding polyfunctional additive of polycarboxylate superplasticizer and cellulose ethers during grinding process of oil-well cement. Were obtained polynomial models that allow determining the influence of cement composition additives on water separation, spreading, as well as the corresponding thickening time and strength. Were shown the influence of introduction combinations of a polycarboxylate superplasticizer and cellulose ether on the main normalized parameters. Were obtained results that allow reducing water separation without affecting spreading, thickening time and strength. With adding 0.05% of a polycarboxylate superplasticizer and 0.02% of cellulose ether during grinding of oil-well cement is observed a decrease in water separation from 8.5 ml to 0.2 ml while maintaining the required plasticity of the cement paste with a spreading of 250 mm. In addition, another parameter like thickening time and flexural strength are at the sufficient level, not less than 3,5 MPa. But during adding polycarboxylate superplasticizer and cellulose ether as in composition and as separately observing decrease in flexural and compressive strength for about 1-1,5 MPa. Increased specific surface area and superplasticizer has a positive effect on the strength index and increases it by 3 MPa. Also the combination of cellulose ether content and superplasticizer has a negative effect on the compressive strength at the age of 28 days and decreases it by 3.5 MPa. Superplasticizer has a significant positive effect for spreading and for water consumption. Any dosage of superplasticizer and cellulose ether does not reduce the thickening time of cement paste to the critical value of 90 min. This study opens up a possible way to control the sedimentation process and allow to get oil-well cement paste without any free water separation and in compliance with all other regulatory requirements. 1. О. І. Кротюк, Л.Й. Дворкін № 48 (2025). ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ВВЕДЕННЯ ПРИ ПОМЕЛІ ТАМПОНАЖНОГО ЦЕМЕНТУ ЕФІРУ ЦЕЛЮЛОЗИ. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди. Рівне, Україна. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i48.08 I. Krotiuk, L.Y. Dvorkin № 48 (2025). EFEKTYVNISTʹ VVEDENNYA PRY POMELI TAMPONAZHNOHO TSEMENTU EFIRU TSELYULOZY. Resursoekonomichni materialy, konstruktsiyi, budivnytstva ta sporudy. Rivne, Ukrayina. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i48.08 2. ДЕРЖАВНИЙ СТАНДАРТ УКРАЇНИ. Будівельні матеріали. ПОРТЛАДЦЕМЕНТИ ТАМПОНАЖНІ. МЕТОДИ ВИПРОБУВАНЬ. ДСТУ Б В.2.7-86-99. Державний комітет будівництва, архітектури та житлової політики України. - Київ, 1999. DERZHAVNYY STANDART UKRAYINY. Budivelʹni materialy. PORTLADTSEMENTY TAMPONAZHNI. METODY VYPROBUVANʹ. DSTU B V.2.7-86-99. Derzhavnyy komitet budivnytstva, arkhitektury ta zhytlovoyi polityky Ukrayiny. - Kyyiv, 1999. 3. ДЕРЖАВНИЙ СТАНДАРТ УКРАЇНИ. Будівельні матеріали. ПОРТЛАДЦЕМЕНТИ ТАМПОНАЖНІ. Технічні умови. ДСТУ Б В.2.7-88-99. Державний комітет будівництва, архітектури та житлової політики України. - Київ, 1999. DERZHAVNYY STANDART UKRAYINY. Budivelʹni materialy. PORTLADTSEMENTY TAMPONAZHNI. Tekhnichni umovy. DSTU B V.2.7-88-99. Derzhavnyy komitet budivnytstva, arkhitektury ta zhytlovoyi polityky Ukrayiny. - Kyyiv, 1999. 4. Дворкін Л. Й. Експериментально-статистичне моделювання при проектуванні складів бетонів : навчальний посібник / Л. Й. Дворкін. – К.: Видавничий дім «Кондор», 2020. – 205 с. Dvorkin L. Y. Eksperymentalʹno-statystychne modelyuvannya pry proektuvanni skladiv betoniv : navchalʹnyy posibnyk / L. Y. Dvorkin. – K.: Vydavnychyy dim «Kondor», 2020. – 205 s.
INFLUENCE OF POLYMER FILM-FORMERS ON PROPERTIES OF ANTI-CORROSION POWDER COATINGS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE
reinforced concrete structures; corrosion; powder coating materials; thermoplastic polymers; adhesion; molecular weight. The article is devoted to the study of the influence of the chemical structure and molecular weight of thermoplastic polymer film-formers on the physical and mechanical properties of powder coatings intended for the anti-corrosion protection of reinforced concrete structures. Reinforced concrete remains the most widespread building material globally due to its technological advantages, but it is highly susceptible to corrosion under aggressive environmental influences. Because concrete has a porous structure, corrosion processes propagate deep into the composite, making impermeability a crucial factor for durability. This necessitates the use of secondary protection systems, such as polymer coatings, to create an effective barrier. Modern environmental standards and economic factors dictate a transition towards 100% solid powder coating materials, which align with the 4E principle (ecology, economy, energy saving, efficiency). The research evaluates a diverse range of thermoplastic polymers, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), nylon, and saturated polyesters. The film formation process was investigated by measuring the surface tension of polymer melts using a modified Wilhelmy method in an argon atmosphere, assessing the spreading of the adhesive on the substrate according to ISO standards, and determining mechanical adhesion via pull-off testing and impact resistance. The results demonstrate that increasing the molecular weight of the polymer generally increases the surface tension of the melt. This inhibits the initial coalescence of powder particles and reduces spreading on the substrate, consequently lowering the mechanical bonding strength. Among the evaluated polymers, PVDF with a molecular weight of 40,000 g/mol exhibited the optimal combination of rheological and mechanical properties, achieving an adhesion strength of 9.1 MPa and an impact resistance of 2.0 Nm. The exceptional high performance of PVDF is directly attributed to the extremely strong carbon-fluorine bonds (116 kcal/mol) inherent in its molecular structure. The study concludes that the efficiency of thermoplastic film-formers in powder coating systems generally increases in the following sequence: PP < Nylon < PE < PVC < Saturated Polyester < PVDF. These findings provide a scientific foundation for the rational selection of raw materials in the formulation of highly durable, eco-friendly protective coatings for reinforced concrete structures operating in severely aggressive environments 1. Бабич Є. П., Житковський В. В., Кочкарьов Д. В. Довговічність залізобетонних конструкцій в агресивному середовищі. Рівне: НУВГП, 2021. 245 с. Babych Ye. P., Zhytkovskyi V. V., Kochkarov D. V. Dovhovichnist zalizobetonnykh konstruktsii v ahresyvnomu seredovyshchi. Rivne: NUVHP, 2021. 245 s. 2. Про забезпечення хімічної безпеки та управління продукцією: Закон України від 01.12.2022 № 2804-IX. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2023. № 45. Pro zabezpechennia khimichnoi bezpeky ta upravlinnia produktsiieiu: Zakon Ukrainy vid 01.12.2022 № 2804-IX. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2023. № 45. 3. Кривенко П. В., Пушкарьова К. К., Барановський В. Б. та ін. Будівельне матеріалознавство: Підручник. Київ: ТОВ УВПК «ЕксОб», 2004. 455 с. Kryvenko P. V., Pushkarova K. K., Baranovskyi V. B. ta in. Budivelne materialoznavstvo: Pidruchnyk. Kyiv: TOV UVPK «EksOb», 2004. 455 s. 4. Mc Cafferty, E. Introduction to Corrosion Science / E. Mc Cafferty. – Springer, 2010. – 583 p. 5. Basheer P. A. M., Gunning P. J., Nanukuttan S. V. Non-destructive evaluation of concrete surface treatments. Materials and Structures. 2022. Vol. 55. № 4. P. 89-104. 6. Lastivka O. Effectiveness of corrosion protection of reinforced concrete with thermoplastic powder coatings. Transfer of Innovative Technologies. 2024. 7(1), P.34–40. ISSN 2617-0264. https://doi.org/10.32347/tit.2024.71.01.02 7. Gots V., Kochetov G., Lastivka О., Samchenko D., Mehet V. Corrosion resistance of powder coating with use of ferritization waste. Building materials and techniques. 2023. Vol. 4. P. 49–55. https://doi.org/10.31650/2786-6696-2023-4-49-55 8. Ducker W. A. Surface tension and spreading of polymer melts on porous substrates. Polymer Science Series A. 2023. Vol. 65. № 3. P. 310-318. 9. Gots V. I., Lastivka O. V., Tomin O. O., Mehet V. S. Formation of powder coating properties in the system "filmforming ‒ cross-linking agent". Вісник Одеської державної академії будівництва та архітектури. 2022. № 87. С. 57–64. https://doi.org/10.31650/2415-377X-2022-87-57-64 10. Schmidt W., Miller R. High-performance PVDF coatings for architectural applications. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2024. Vol. 178. 107450.
INFLUENCE OF 3D PRINTER DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS ON EXTRUSION QUALITY
Concrete and mortar mixtures used in construction-scale 3D printing must meet a set of specific requirements dictated by the nature of additive manufacturing processes. A key prerequisite for achieving high-quality printed structures is the complementary interaction between the rheological properties of the construction mixture and the technological characteristics of the 3D printer. The overall quality of 3D printing is a multifactorial indicator formed under the influence of mechanical, technological, and control-related parameters of the printing system. Among these, extrusion-related parameters—particularly nozzle travel speed and material feed rate—play a decisive role. This study investigates the influence of nozzle movement speed and construction mixture feed rate on the quality of extrusion during construction 3D printing. The experimental program was carried out using a laboratory-scale 3D printer and designed according to a two-factor, three-level experimental plan. The extrusion quality index was adopted as an integral response parameter, enabling a comprehensive assessment of flow stability, layer uniformity, and geometric consistency of the printed filament. Experimental results were processed using statistical methods of design of experiments, resulting in the development of an adequate second-order regression model. The model reveals a nonlinear relationship between the technological parameters and extrusion quality, as well as a significant interaction effect between nozzle speed and material feed rate. An excessive increase in nozzle travel speed without a corresponding adjustment of the feed rate leads to extrusion discontinuities and reduced interlayer adhesion, while overly high material feed rates cause flow instability and geometric deformation of the printed layer. The proposed mathematical model enables quantitative prediction of extrusion quality within the investigated parameter range and can be effectively used for optimizing 3D printing process parameters. The obtained results contribute to improving the stability of the additive manufacturing process and enhancing the structural quality of construction elements produced by 3D printing technologies. Perrot A., Rangeard D., Pierre A.Structural built-up of cement-based materials used for 3D-printing extrusion techniques. Materials and Structures, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0848-4. Марчук В.В., Дворкін Л.Й., Макаренко Р.М. Вплив параметрів та критерій визначення якості екструзії при 3D-друці. Вісник НУВГП. Технічні науки. Том 3 № 113 (2026). Hager, I.; Golonka, A.; Putanowicz, A. 3D printing of buildings and building components as the future of sustainable construction? Proc. Eng. 2016, Vol. 151, pp. 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.357 Nan Zhang, Jay Sanjayan, «Extrusion nozzle design and print parameter selections for 3D concrete printing», «Cement and Concrete Composites» (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.104939 «Sanjayan J., Nematollahi B., Xia M., Marchment T. Effect of printing parameters on interlayer bond strength of 3D printed concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.232 «Dong An, Mahfuzur Rahman, Y.X. Zhang, Richard (Chunhui) Yang, Effects of Key 3D concrete printing process parameters on layer shape: Experimental study and Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics modelling, Case Studies in Construction Materials, Volume 22,2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04718. Havryliak S.A. New technologies in the field of construction. Using 3D printers», // Theory and building practice. видавництво Львівської політехніки.- 2021. - Вип. 3, №. 1. - С. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2021.01.015 Buswell R.A., Leal de Silva W., Jones S.Z., Dirrenberger J. 3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research. Cement and Concrete Research, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.006. Savytskyi M.V., Shatov S.V., Ozhyshchenko O.A., «3D-друк будівельних об’єктів», «Вісник Придніпровської державної академії будівництва та архітектури». 2020. Вип. 2, С. 59–68. Dvorkin, L.; Dvorkin, O.; Ribakov, Y. Mathematical experiments planning in concrete technology. Nova Science Publishers: New York, USA, 2011, 173 p.
THE INFLUENCE OF NOZZLE GEOMETRY ON EXTRUSION QUALITY IN 3D PRINTING
3D construction printer, extrusion, nozzle, extrusion quality, splitting tensile strength design of experiments. This study investigates the influence of nozzle travel speed and nozzle geometry on extrusion quality and interlayer bond strength of cement-based mixtures in extrusion-based 3D concrete printing. The geometry of the nozzle is considered a critical parameter affecting the flow behavior of fresh mixtures, pressure distribution, and the quality of layer deposition. Three nozzle geometries were examined: circular, rectangular, and an intermediate oval-rectangular shape with rounded edges. The latter was designed to combine the advantages of both conventional geometries by ensuring smoother flow conditions and reducing stress concentration near sharp corners. Experimental investigations were carried out using a laboratory-scale 3D printer developed at the Department of Building Materials and Products Technology. A two-factor, three-level experimental design based on the method of design of experiments was applied. The main factors included nozzle travel speed and nozzle perimeter (as a coded representation of nozzle geometry). The responses analyzed were extrusion quality (evaluated using a qualitative scoring system) and interlayer bond strength, determined through splitting tensile strength tests. Second-order regression models were developed to quantify the effects of the studied parameters and their interactions. The analysis revealed that both factors exhibit nonlinear effects, with clearly defined optimal regions. Increasing nozzle speed was found to improve extrusion continuity and geometric stability of the deposited layer, but simultaneously reduce interlayer adhesion due to shorter contact time between successive layers. The results also indicate that nozzle geometry significantly affects material flow, contact area between layers, and compaction efficiency. In particular, the intermediate nozzle geometry demonstrated improved performance by balancing flow uniformity and interlayer bonding. However, increasing the complexity of the nozzle geometry may negatively affect extrusion quality due to uneven stress distribution within the material flow. Response surface analysis confirmed that the optimal conditions for extrusion quality do not coincide with those for maximum interlayer strength, highlighting the need for a compromise in process parameter selection. The findings of this study provide a basis for optimizing process parameters in extrusion-based 3D concrete printing and can be used to improve both the printability and mechanical performance of printed structures. Perrot A., Rangeard D., Pierre A.Structural built-up of cement-based materials used for 3D-printing extrusion techniques. Materials and Structures, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0848-4. Nan Zhang, Jay Sanjayan, «Extrusion nozzle design and print parameter selections for 3D concrete printing», «Cement and Concrete Composites» (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.104939 Sanjayan J., Nematollahi B., Xia M., Marchment T. Effect of printing parameters on interlayer bond strength of 3D printed concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.232 Dong An, Mahfuzur Rahman, Y.X. Zhang, Richard (Chunhui) Yang, Effects of Key 3D concrete printing process parameters on layer shape: Experimental study and Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics modelling, Case Studies in Construction Materials, Volume 22,2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04718 Hager, I.; Golonka, A.; Putanowicz, A. 3D printing of buildings and building components as the future of sustainable construction? Proc. Eng. 2016, Vol. 151, pp. 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.357 Марчук В.В., Дворкін Л.Й., Макаренко Р.М. Вплив параметрів та критерій визначення якості екструзії при 3D-друці. Вісник НУВГП. Технічні науки. Том 1 № 113 (2026) Savytskyi M.V., Shatov S.V., Ozhyshchenko O.A., «3D-друк будівельних об’єктів», «Вісник Придніпровської державної академії будівництва та архітектури». 2020. Вип. 2, С. 59–68. Dvorkin, L.; Dvorkin, O.; Ribakov, Y. Mathematical experiments planning in concrete technology. Nova Science Publishers: New York, USA, 2011, 173 p.
INFLUENCE OF GROUND LIMESTONE ADMIXTURE ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EXOTHERMIC HEATING OF CEMENT-BASED COMPOSITIONS
Portland cement, mineral additive, limestone, heat release, structure formation, cement stone. An important problem in the practice of producing mineral binders is the development of optimal proportions of Portland cement with mineral additives, particularly ground limestone. Such cement can be produced either by the joint grinding of Portland cement clinker, gypsum stone, and limestone, or by mixing Portland cement with ground limestone. This paper considers issues related to the influence of the amount of ground limestone (5…20 %) on bulk and true density, specific surface area, heat release, and compressive strength of cement stone at 3, 7, and 28 days of hardening. The study established that an increase in the content of ground limestone in the blended binder from 0 to 20 % slightly affects both bulk and true density, reducing them by 1,5 % and 4 %, respectively. A much more noticeable effect of the increased content of ground limestone is observed in the exothermic behavior of the binder. In particular, in the absence of ground limestone, the maximum heating of the composition reaches 45,6 °C, whereas with 20 % limestone the exothermic temperature rise does not exceed 38,7 °C. At the same time, the introduction of 20 % ground limestone into the cement composition causes a decrease (35 %) in the compressive strength of the cement stone, especially at the early age of 3 days. At the later age of 28 days, the reduction in compressive strength does not exceed 30 %. In this regard, it becomes evident that the use of superplasticizing admixtures in the technology of concrete mix production is necessary, or the cement consumption should be increased. 1. Кривенко П.В., Петропавловський О.М., Гелевера О.Г. Цементи з високим вмістом мінеральних домішок природного і техногенного походження. Будівництво України. 2006. №1.С. 39-45. Kryvenko P.V., Petropavlovskyi O.M., Helevera O.H. Tsementy z vysokym vmistom mineralnykh domishok pryrodnoho i tekhnohennoho pokhodzhennia. Budivnytstvo Ukrainy. 2006. №1.S. 39-45. 2. Гуняк О.М. Пуцоланові добавки до портландцементів транспортного будівництва. Вісник НУ «Львівська політехніка». Теорія і практика будівництва. №877. 2018. С.88-93. Huniak O.M. Putsolanovi dobavky do portlandtsementiv transportnoho budivnytstva. Visnyk NU «Lvivska politekhnika». Teoriia i praktyka budivnytstva. №877. 2018. S.88-93. 3. Котів Р.М., Кропивницька Т.П., Саницький М.А. Низькоенергоємні декаративні цементи та будівельні штукатурні розчини на їх основі. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди. 2013. Вип. 26. С.217-224. Kotiv R.M., Kropyvnytska T.P., Sanytskyi M.A. Nyzkoenerhoiemni dekaratyvni tsementy ta budivelni shtukaturni rozchyny na yikh osnovi. Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsii, budivli ta sporudy. 2013. Vyp. 26. S.217-224. 4. Мюллер К. Характеристики коппозиционних цементів. Cement Interna Tional. Киев.2008. №1.С.44-56. Miuller K. Kharakterystyky koppozytsyonnykh tsementiv. Cement Interna Tional. Kyev.2008. №1.S.44-56. 5. Козлова В.В., Манюха А.Ш. Влияние карбонатосодержащих добавок на свойства композиционных цементов. Цемент и его применение. 2012. №3. С. 53-57. Kozlova V.V., Maniukha A.Sh. Vlyianye karbonatosoderzhashchykh dobavok na svoistva kompozytsyonnыkh tsementov. Tsement y eho prymenenye. 2012. №3. S. 53-57. 6. Химические и минеральние добавки в бетон/Под. Общ. Редакцией Умерова-Маршака А.В. Харків. 205.С.86-91. Khymycheskye y myneralnye dobavky v beton/Pod. Obshch. Redaktsyei Umerova-Marshaka A.V. Kharkiv. 205.S.86-91. 7. Чепурна С.М. Бетон підвищеною водонепроникності та корозійної стійкості з добавкою високодисперсної крейди. Дис. на здобуття наукового ступеня к. т. н. Харків. 2018. 202 с. Chepurna S.M. Beton pidvyshchenoiu vodonepronyknosti ta koroziinoi stiikosti z dobavkoiu vysokodyspersnoi kreidy. Dys. na zdobuttia naukovoho stupenia k. t. n. Kharkiv. 2018. 202 s. 8. Саницький М.А., Кропивницька Т.П., Гев’юк І.М. Швидкотверднучі портландцементи з добавкою вапняку. Будівельні матеріали та вироби. 2019. №1-2 (100). С. 18-24. https://doi.org/10.48076/2413-9890.2019-100-02 Sanytskyi M.A., Kropyvnytska T.P., Heviuk I.M. Shvydkotverdnuchi portlandtsementy z dobavkoiu vapniaku. Budivelni materialy ta vyroby. 2019. №1-2 (100). S. 18-24. https://doi.org/10.48076/2413-9890.2019-100-02 9. Хозин В.Г., Хохряков О.В. Карбонатные цементы низкой водопотребности. Технология бетонов. 2009. №11-12. С. 10-12. Khozyn V.H., Khokhriakov O.V. Karbonatnыe tsementы nyzkoi vodopotrebnosty. Tekhnolohyia betonov. 2009. №11-12. S. 10-12. 10. Саницький М.А. Модіфіковані композиційні цементи/ М.А. Саницький, Х.С. Соболь, Т.С. Марків// Львів: Вид-во Львів. Політехніки.2010.132 с. Sanytskyi M.A. Modifikovani kompozytsiini tsementy/ M.A. Sanytskyi, Kh.S. Sobol, T.S. Markiv// Lviv: Vyd-vo Lviv. Politekhniky.2010.132 s.
SETTING THE DIFFUSION PARAMETERS AND MASSTRANSFER OF MOISTURE TO WOOD BY POLYMERIC MATERIAL
natural building materials, wood polymer products, thermal insulation products, moisture resistance, performance properties. The operational reliability and durability of a wood-polymer product depends mainly on the quality and reactivity of the polymer agent, as well as on the class of operating conditions of the object where these materials are used. Over time, the durability of operation may decrease, because the processes of water absorption by wood occur, which leads to swelling and hollowing of the wood-polymer product, and over time its destruction. Therefore, the establishment of the diffusion and mass transfer of water in a wood-polymer material is relevant for establishing the scope of application of such products, which necessitated the need for research in this direction. The paper investigated the resistance of wood-polymer composites to water absorption made from wood sawdust formed on the basis of starch, PVA glue and polymerized with mixtures of polyester and epoxy resins. A method for deriving the diffusion coefficient is proposed, which is based on the analytical solution of the differential equation of mass transfer, which allows, with a slight complexity than numerical ones, to find concentration flows at the boundary of the hydrophobic shell from the coefficients of the original equation and the conditions of uniqueness. It is proved that the main regulator of resistance to moisture absorption is the nature of the binders and the density and porosity of the material. As a result of the tests, it was found that the use of a binder based on PVA glue reduces the process of moisture diffusion to the product by more than 100 times, and for products based on epoxy polymer resin by more than 800 times. Therefore, the wood-polymer material, which was formed on the basis of synthetic resins, is not capable of absorbing moisture and withstands temperature and humidity fluctuations, Sun Z., Zuo Y., Li P., Li X., Lyu J. Hyperbranched organic-inorganic co-modification improves the strength, dimensional stability, and thermal stability of poplar wood, Industrial Crops and Products. 2023. Vol. 191. 115923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115923 Dolmatov S.N., Kolesnikov P.G., Tihonov E.А., Ivanov A.A., Orekhovskaya A.A. Factors that Determine the Тhermal Insulation Performance of Enclosing Structures Made of Wood-Mineral Composites, AIP Conference Proceedings. 2022. Vol. 2767. 020007. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0127526 Cherradi Y., Ennaya O., Alouan Y., Cherif S., El Qarnia H., Sadouri R., Benyoucef M. Sustainable Thermal Insulation Composites Based on Alfa Plant Fibers and Wood Waste, Eng. Proc.2025. Vol. 112, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025112027. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025112027 Kaseem M., Hamad K., Deri F. et al.Material properties of polyethylene/wood composites: A review of recent works, Polym. Sci. Ser. A.2015. Vol. 57. Р. 689-703. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X15070068 El-Abbassi F.E., Assarar M., Ayad R., Bourmaud A., Baley C. A review on alfa fibre (StipatenacissimaL.): From the plant architecture to the reinforcement of polymer composites, Compos. Part A. Appl. Sci. Manuf.2020. Vol. 128. 105677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105677 Cherradi Y., Rosca I.C., Cerbu C., Kebir H., Guendouz A., Benyoucef M. Acoustic properties for composite materials based on alfa and wood fibres, Appl. Acoust.2021. Vol. 174. 107759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107759 Tiuc A.-E., Borlea S.I., Nemeș O., Vermeșan H., Vasile O., Popa F., Pințoi R. New Composite Materials Made from Rigid/Flexible Polyurethane Foams with Fir Sawdust: Acoustic and Thermal Behavior, Polymers. 2022. Vol. 14. 3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14173643 Ferrandez-Villena M., Ferrandez-Garcia A., Garcia-Ortuño T., Ferrandez-Garcia M.T. Acoustic and Thermal Properties of Particleboards Made from Mulberry Wood (Morus albaL.) Pruning Residues, Agronomy. 2022. Vol. 12. 1803. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081803 Tsapko Y., Likhnyovskyi R., Horbachova O., Mazurchuk S., Tsapko А., Sokolenko K., Matviichuk A., Sukhanevych M. Identifying parameters for wood protection against water absorption, Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. 2022. Vol. 6 (10 (120). Р. 71-81. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.268286. Janna W.S. Engineering Heat Transfer. Boca Raton. Florida: CRC Press. 2010. Vol. 692 р. https://www.routledge.com/Engineering-Heat-Transfer/Janna/p/book/9781420072020.
ARBOLITE CONCRETE WITH A COMPLEX OF ORGANO-MINERAL ADDITIVES AND FILLERS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
arbolit concrete, complex modification, strength, water resistance. This article addresses the issue of increasing the water resistance and strength of composite gypsum binders for concrete arbolite. The characteristics of the raw materials used are presented, research methods and techniques are described, the applied methods for mathematical experimental design are outlined, and the selection of experimental plans and variation factors is substantiated. An analysis is conducted of the possibility of increasing the biostability of concrete arbolite using a composite gypsum binder by adding a nanoadditive of highly active pyrogenic microsilica modified with silver, copper, and zinc compounds. Samples of concrete arbolite manufactured without and with the nanoadditive are presented at various magnifications. An optimal composition for environmentally friendly thermal insulation and thermal insulation-structural types of concrete arbolite with increased biostability, modified with the proposed multifunctional modifier, is recommended. An analysis of the study results allows us to conclude that the complex modification of the composite gypsum binder with micro-reinforcement, polymineral micro-pozzolanic filler additives and Sika superplasticizer in optimal proportions allows us to obtain a composite gypsum binder with a softening coefficient of 0.9. Volumetric hydrophobization provides an additional increase in compressive strength and water resistance. Dvorkin L.I. Modified water-cement ratio rule for the design of air-entrained concrete. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2019. 85(1). pp. 123–135. Shinkevich E.S., Linnik D.S., Ysypchuk V.I. Improvement of Arbolit Concrete Bio-Resistance with Additives by Nanomodificators. Materials Science Forum. vol. 968. pp. 76-81. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.968.76 Derevianko V.N., Kondratieva N.V., Hryshko H.M. Study of impact factors and the mechanis of process of gypsum binder hydration in the presence of nanomodifiers. Journal of Chemistry. 6(1). pp. 92-100. https://doi.org/10.17721/fujcV6I1P92-100 Derevianko V.N., Kondratieva N.V., Hryshko H.M., Sanitskiy М.A., Modelling the Mechanism of Mineral Binders Hydration Processes in a Macro-Micro-Nanosystem. Nanosystems, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies. 2020. no.18. pp. 107-124. https://doi.org/10.15407/nnn.18.01.107 Винниченко В.И., Супряга Н.Н. Переработка фосфогипса в полугидрат сульфата кальция. Вісник Нац. техн. ун-ту "ХПІ" : зб. наук. пр. Сер. : Хімія, хімічна технологія та екологія. Харків : НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. № 35 (1207). С. 37-41. Вінніченко В. Вплив фосфогіпсу на активність шлакового в'яжучого. Збірник наукових праць Українського державного університету залізничного транспорту. 2017. № 171. C. 30-37. Nedoseko I.V., Vinnichenko V.I., Ryazanov A.N. Heat engineering problems of phosphogypsum utilization during its processing into construction gypsum. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 775.012119. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/775/1/012119. Крот О.П., Вінниченко В.І., Ровенський О.І. Термічна обробка фосфогіпсу з використанням енергії спалювання ТПВ. Вісник ПДАБА. № 6. C. 110-117. Varvara Vinnichenko, Alexander Ryazanov. Energy Efficiency of Binder Application in Concrete. International Journal of Ingineering Technology. 2018. Vol 7. No 4.3. pp. 335-338. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19828 Olga Krot, Varvara Vinnichenko. The Use of Heat From the Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste for Processing of Phosphogypsum. International Journal of Ingineering Technology. 2018. Vol 7, No 4.3. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19831
STRENGTHENING OF MONOLITHIC REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS BY INSTALLING ADDITIONAL BEAMS THROUGH TECHNOLOGICAL OPENINGS: FROM ANALYSIS TO IMPLEMENTATION
reconstruction, strengthening, reinforced concrete slabs, reinforced concrete beams, deflection. The paper presents a method for strengthening monolithic reinforced concrete floor slabs in existing buildings with insufficient stiffness and excessive deflections. Based on the results of a technical inspection, typical defects such as cracking and increased deflections close to the allowable limits were identified. The analysis of the stress-strain state showed that the serviceability limit state governs the structural behavior, while the load-bearing capacity remains sufficient. A strengthening technique based on the installation of additional reinforced concrete beams through technological openings in the slab is proposed. The method allows the formation of new load-bearing elements without dismantling the existing structure. Numerical analysis was performed using actual material properties and geometric parameters obtained from in-situ investigations. Experimental studies were carried out on a scaled slab model with openings using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The results confirmed the influence of openings on the deformation pattern and justified the need for stiffness compensation. The proposed strengthening solution was successfully implemented in practice. The construction process included cutting technological openings, installing reinforcement cages, formwork arrangement, and concreting through the slab thickness. The method demonstrated its effectiveness in improving structural stiffness and ensuring serviceability without significant intervention in the existing structure. The developed approach can be recommended for the strengthening and reconstruction of reinforced concrete slabs in buildings with similar structural deficiencies. 1. Бліхарський Я.З. Дослідження роботи залізобетонних конструкцій при підсиленні. Вісник Національного університету «Львівська політехніка». 2022. № 80. С. 80–85. Blikharskyi Ya.Z. Doslidzhennia roboty zalizobetonnykh konstruktsii pry pidsylenni. Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu «Lvivska politekhnika». 2022. № 80. S. 80–85. 2. Blikharskyy Ya.Z. Investigation of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with reinforced concrete elements. Journal of Civil Engineering. 2020. Vol. XX. pp. 1–10. 3. Крамарчук А.П. Оцінка технічного стану та підсилення залізобетонних конструкцій. Львів: Вид-во Львівської політехніки, 2018. 120 с. Kramarchuk A.P. Otsinka tekhnichnoho stanu ta pidsylennia zalizobetonnykh konstruktsii. Lviv: Vyd-vo Lvivskoi politekhniky, 2018. 120 s. 4. Ільницький Б.М. Несуча здатність залізобетонних плит перекриття при експлуатаційних навантаженнях. Будівельні конструкції. 2019. № 92. С. 45–52. Ilnytskyi B.M. Nesucha zdatnist zalizobetonnykh plyt perekryttia pry ekspluatatsiinykh navantazhenniakh. Budivelni konstruktsii. 2019. № 92. S. 45–52. 5. Бобало Т.В. Робота залізобетонних плит перекриття при різних умовах навантаження. Вісник НУ «Львівська політехніка». 2021. № 85. С. 25–30. Bobalo T.V. Robota zalizobetonnykh plyt perekryttia pry riznykh umovakh navantazhennia. Visnyk NU «Lvivska politekhnika». 2021. № 85. S. 25–30. 6. Sutton M.A., Orteu J.J., Schreier H.W. Image Correlation for Shape, Motion and Deformation Measurements. Springer, 2009. 364 p. 7. Gencturk B., Hossain K., Kapadia A. et al. Use of Digital Image Correlation Technique in Full-scale Testing of Prestressed Concrete Structures. Measurement. 2014. Vol. 47. pp. 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2013.09.017 8. Fayyad T.M., Lees J.M. Application of Digital Image Correlation to Reinforced Concrete Fracture. Procedia Materials Science. 2014. Vol. 3. pp. 1585–1590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.06.255
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE NONLINEARITIES OF RESOURCE-SAVING STEEL-CONCRETE STRUCTURES DURING FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF THEIR OPERATION
construction, steel-reinforced concrete, nonlinearity, modeling, discreteness, analysis, software. A distinctive feature of steel-reinforced concrete elements is the combined operation of materials with different physical and mechanical properties and different deformation laws. In particular, it is known that steel behaves linearly in the elastic stage of its operation, while concrete deforms non-linearly practically from the initial stages of loading. The multi-stage creation of steel-reinforced concrete structures, when the steel part can independently absorb the load from the freshly laid monolithic concrete part during creation, causes a complex redistribution of internal forces over time, or so-called genetic nonlinearity. Numerical calculation methods, in particular the finite element method, create new opportunities for modeling complex stress-strain states of steel-reinforced concrete structures, taking into account the specified nonlinearities. The choice of software package for a specific study should be made taking into account the specifics of the task, the required level of modeling detail, the availability of software, and experience with the relevant software product. A comparative analysis of the capabilities of finite element modeling software packages showed that the LIRA-SAPR software package has the most advanced and convenient tools for modeling the stages of construction of building structures, setting initial stresses in structural components before combining them into a single calculation scheme, i.e., taking into account genetic nonlinearity thanks to specialized step processors. The universal software packages ANSYS, ABAQUS, and Femap with NX Nastran have broader capabilities for modeling physical nonlinearity and material damage, but modeling the stages of structural manufacturing in these software packages is less convenient and requires more detailed configuration of the sequence of calculation steps. 1. Крусь Ю. О. Зв’язок між напруженнями і деформаціями бетону за різних силових режимів короткочасного осьового стиску. Технічні науки та технології, 2022, № 1 (27). С. 184-198. Krus Yu. O. Zviazok mizh napruzhennyamy i deformatsiyamy betonu za riznykh sylovykh rezhymiv korotkochasnoho osovoho stysku. Tekhnichni nauky ta tekhnolohiyi, 2022, No. 1 (27). P. 184–198. 2. Іваник Ю. І., Демчина Б. Г. Дослідження напружено-деформованого стану сталезалізобетонних попередньо напружених шпренгельних конструкцій в умовах постадійної роботи. Містобудування і територіальне планування, 2016, №61. С. 50-61. Ivanyk Yu. I., Demchyna B. H. Doslidzhennya napruzheno-deformovanoho stanu stalezalizobetonnykh poperedno napruzhenykh shprenhelʹnykh konstruktsiy v umovakh postadiynoyi roboty. Mistobuduvannya ta terytorialne planuvannya, 2016, No. 61. P. 50–61. 3. Kolchunov V. I., Iakovenko I. A., Dmytrenko E. A. Finite element simulation of the flat problem nonlinearity of concrete and reinforcement adhesion by PC LIRA-SAPR. Civil Building and Engineering Structures, 2016, No. 3. P. 6–15. 4. Hasenko A. V., Novytskyi O. P. Numerical experiment for the determination of the stress-strain condition of the system “Basis – Vibroreinforced soil-cement pile”. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018, 7 (4.8). P. 41–47. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.8.27211 5. Гасенко А. В. Огляд методів створення попередніх самонапружень у згинаних просторових сталезалізобетонних конструкціях. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди, 2022, № 41. С. 110-118. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i41.12 Hasenko A. V. Ohlyad metodiv stvorennya poperednikh samonapruzhen u zghynanykh prostorovykh stalezalizobetonnykh konstruktsiyakh. Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsiyi, budivli ta sporudy, 2022, No. 41. P. 110–118. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди, https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i41.12 6. Азізов Т. Н., Кочкарьов Д. В. Про нелінійність деформування залізобетонних згинальних елементів. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди, 2022, № 42. С. 62-75. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i42.008 Azizov T. N., Kochkarov D. V. Pro neliniynist deformuvannya zalizobetonnykh zghynalnykh elementiv. Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsiyi, budivli ta sporudy, 2022, No. 42. P. 62–75. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i42.008 7. Kitov Yu. P., Verevicheva M. A., Vatulia G. L., Deryzemlia S. V. Design solutions of optimal systems under action of dead and live mobile load. Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, 2018, No. 100. P. 124–139. 8. Барабаш М., Городецький Д., Ромашкіна М. Розрахунок конструкцій в нелінійній постановці ЛІРА-САПР, 2018. Взято з https://help.liraland.com/uk-ua/high-technology-innovations/nonlinearity-in-lira-sapr.html. Barabash M., Horodetskyi D., Romashkina M. Rozrakhunok konstruktsiy v neliniyniy postanovtsi LIRA-SAPR, 2018. Взято з https://help.liraland.com/uk-ua/high-technology-innovations/nonlinearity-in-lira-sapr.html. 9. Буцька О. Л., Савицький М. В. Розрахунок плоского залізобетонного збірно-монолітного перекриття з круглопустотними плитами і монолітними ригелями за допомогою ПК SCAD. Будівництво, матеріалознавство, машинобудування, 2013, № 1-3. Butska O. L., Savytskyi M. V. Rozrakhunok ploskoho zalizobetonnoho zbirno-monolitnoho perekryttya z kruhlopustotnymy plytamy i monolitnymy ryhelyamy za dopomohoyu PK SCAD. Budivnytstvo, materialoznavstvo, mashynobuduvannya, 2013, No. 1–3. 10. Моргун А. С., Сорока М. М. Розв’язання задач параметричної оптимізації будівельних конструкцій в програмному комплексі ANSYS. Вісник ВПІ. Серія: Будівництво, 2017, № 5. С. 18-23. Morhun A. S., Soroka M. M. Rozviazannya zadach parametrychnoyi optymizatsiyi budivelnykh konstruktsiy v prohramnomu kompleksi ANSYS. Visnyk VPI. Seriia: Budivnytstvo, 2017, No. 5. P. 18–23.
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF SEMICIRCULAR REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCHES WITH TIGHTENING, MANUFACTURED BY 3D PRINTING METHOD
3D printing; reinforced concrete arch; semicircular arch; tightening; reinforced concrete; deformations; deflections. The paper presents the results of experimental testing of semicircular tied reinforced concrete arches manufactured using construction-scale 3D printing technology and reinforced along the entire length. Two experimental specimens (A-1.1.1 and A-1.1.2) were tested under short-term stepwise loading applied at two points located at the third-span positions, which ensured the formation of a characteristic combination of axial forces and bending typical for semicircular tied arches. The research programme included recording longitudinal strains in concrete and reinforcement at characteristic cross-section levels (upper and middle zones), as well as measuring vertical mid-span deflections. The obtained results are presented in the form of load–strain and load–deflection relationships.The experimental curves demonstrate stable structural behaviour over a significant portion of the loading range. At the initial and intermediate stages, a gradual and nearly linear increase in strains was observed without abrupt changes in curve inclination, indicating the absence of premature separation of the concrete layers formed during the 3D printing process. The arches maintained stiffness and integrity up to approximately 85–90% of the ultimate load, confirming adequate interlayer bonding and efficient composite action of the arch ring and tie system. Readings from indicators installed at symmetric points remained close, indicating the absence of significant unintended eccentricities during testing. Failure of both specimens was localized and occurred along a normal crack in the load application zone near the movable hinge, where the combined effect of axial force and bending moment reached critical values while the overall arch action remained preserved. After unloading, the structures tended to return to their initial design position, confirming predominantly elastic behaviour at service-level loading.The obtained experimental results confirm the feasibility of using high 3D-printed tied arches as load-bearing systems and may be applied for numerical modelling and for developing recommendations for automated construction technologies. 1. Guamán-Rivera R., Martínez-Rocamora A., García-Alvarado R. Recent developments and challenges of 3D-printed construction: a review of research fronts // Buildings. 2022. Vol. 12, No. 2. 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020229 2. Buswell R. A., Leal de Silva W. R., Jones S. Z., Dirrenberger J. 3D printing using concrete extrusion: a roadmap for research // Cement and Concrete Research. 2018. Vol. 112. P. 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.006 3. Žujović M. et al. 3D printing technologies in architectural design and construction: a review // Buildings. 2022. Vol. 12, No. 9. 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091319 4. Rahman M. et al. A comprehensive review on fresh and rheological properties of 3D printable cementitious composites // Construction and Building Materials. 2024. Vol. 430. 136991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109719 5. Wu Z. et al. State-of-the-art review on reinforcement strategies for printed concrete structures // Energies. 2022. Vol. 15, No. 3. 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010360 6. Marchment T., Sanjayan J. Reinforcement strategies for extrusion-based 3D printed concrete: state-of-the-art review // Materials and Structures. 2024. Vol. 57. 112. 7. Demchyna B., Vozniuk L., Shcherbakov S., Burak D., Artemenko V., Hnes I. 3D printing of a semi-circular unreinforced arch using a building printer // Applied mechanics : book of abstracts of the 12 International scientific session (Bydgoszcz, Poland, November 15, 2024). 2024. P. 12.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED METHODS FOR MODELING METAL STRUCTURES USING AUTOCAD 3D AND TEKLA STRUCTURES
Modeling, design, calculation, result, analysis, automation, construction. The article discusses the features of three-dimensional modeling in AutoCAD 3D and Tekla Structures automated design systems, which are widely used in modern engineering and construction design. The purpose of the study is to compare the functional capabilities of these software packages, identify their main advantages, disadvantages, and areas of effective practical use. The paper analyzes the history of software development, the principles of modeling organization, and the tools for creating spatial models. Particular attention is paid to the features of using three-dimensional modeling in AutoCAD, which has long remained a universal tool for creating drawings and geometric models in various fields of engineering. The possibilities of building solid and surface models, the flexibility of editing tools, and the versatility of the software environment are analyzed. At the same time, certain limitations of the program when performing specialized construction design tasks are noted. The article also explores the functionality of Tekla Structures as a modern BIM system focused on detailed modeling of building structures. The principle of working with parametric elements, the possibilities of creating an information model of a building, automated generation of working drawings, specifications, and material lists are considered. Particular attention is paid to the practical significance of the program in the design of metal structures. Based on the analysis, key differences between the approaches to three-dimensional modeling in these software packages have been identified. It has been shown that AutoCAD is suitable for universal graphic design and creation of basic 3D models, while Tekla Structures is an effective tool for detailed development of structural solutions and implementation of building information modeling technology. The results obtained may be useful for students of technical specialties, design engineers, and construction industry professionals when choosing software for performing professional tasks. 1. Eastman C., Teicholz P., Sacks R., Liston K. BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors. — Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 2. Azhar S. Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for the AEC Industry // Leadership and Management in Engineering. — 2011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000127 3. Succar B. Building information modelling framework: A research and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders // Automation in Construction. — 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2008.10.003 4. ДБН В.2.6-198:2014 Сталеві конструкції. Норми проектування. Зі Зміною № 1. [Чинний від 10.06.2014]. Вид. офіц. Київ: Мінрегіонбуд України, 2014. 298 с. DBN V.2.6-198:2014 Stalevi konstruktsii. Normy proektuvannia. Zi Zminoiu № 1. [Chynnyi vid 10.06.2014]. Vyd. ofits. Kyiv: Minrehionbud Ukrainy, 2014. 298 s. 5. ДСТУ 9243.7:2023 Система проєктної документації для будівництва. Правила виконання архітектруно-будівельних робочих креслень. [Чинний від 03.07.2023]. Вид. офіц. Київ: Мінрегіонбуд України, 2023. 45 с. DSTU 9243.7:2023 Systema proiektnoi dokumentatsii dlia budivnytstva. Pravyla vykonannia arkhitektruno-budivelnykh robochykh kreslen. [Chynnyi vid 03.07.2023]. Vyd. ofits. Kyiv: Minrehionbud Ukrainy, 2023. 45 s
EFFECT OF THE DISCRETE LOCAL REINFORCEMENT PERCENTAGE STEEL FIBER CONTENT ON CRACK RESISTANCE AND CRACK WIDTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
reinforced concrete beams, bending elements, dispersed local fiber reinforcement, crack resistance, crack opening width. Based on the conducted experimental studies, the results of the influence of the percentage of local reinforcement with steel fiber of the tension zone of reinforced concrete beams on their crack resistance and crack opening width are presented. The nature of the influence of local dispersed reinforcement on the above-mentioned parameters of reinforced concrete beams under study is revealed. The increase in crack resistance in beams using dispersed reinforcement was achieved due to the fact that the stiffness in their lower part was greater than in beams without local dispersed reinforcement. As was previously established in the testing of cubes and prisms, the physical and mechanical characteristics of samples using dispersed reinforcement are slightly higher than those of pure concrete samples, especially tensile strength. In addition, the density of fine-grained concrete reinforced with steel fiber is higher than that of pure concrete, which means that the grafting of longitudinal reinforcement will be greater. All these factors contribute to the increase in crack resistance and the reduction in the width of crack opening in beams using local dispersed reinforcement. These indicators changed with an increase of up to one percent. As indicated in the conclusions, the difference in the load of crack initiation and the width of opening in the studied beams is significant. 1. Дробишинець С. Я. Вплив повторних малоциклових навантажень на механічні характеристики сталефібробетону та роботу згинальних елементів на його основі: дис. канд. техн. наук: 05.23.01. Луцьк, 2005. 215 с. Drobyshynets S. Ya. Vplyv povtornykh malotsyklovykh navantazhen na mekhanichni kharakterystyky stalefibrobetonu ta robotu zghynalnykh elementiv na yoho osnovi: dys. ... kand. tekhn. nauk : 05.23.01. Lutsk, 2005. 215 s. 2. Ужегов С. О., Ужегова О. А., Пасічник Р. В., Андрійчук О. В., Дробишинець С. Я. Розрахунок сталефібробетонних згинальних елементів за міцністю нормальних перерізів. Сучасні технології та методи розрахунку в будівництві. 2015. Вип. 3. С. 136-143. Uzhehov S. O., Uzhehova O. A., Pasichnyk R. V., Andriichuk O. V., Drobyshynets S. Ya. Rozrakhunok stalefibrobetonnykh zhyhalnykh elementiv za mitsnistiu normalnykh pereriziv. Suchasni tekhnolohii ta metody rozrakhunku v budivnytstvi. 2015. Vyp. 3. S. 136-143. 3. Білозір В., Подгорецкі А. Утворення та розкриття тріщин у перерізах, нормальних до поздовжньої осі комбіновано армованих сталефібробетонних балок. Вісник Луцького національного аграрного університету. Архітектура і сільськогосподарськке будівництво. 2019. №20. С. 33-37. Bilozir V., Podhorecki A. Formation and opening of cracks in sections, normal to the longitudinal axis of combined reinforced steel-fiber concrete beams. Vìsnik L’vìvs’kogo nacìonal’nogo agrarnogo unìversitetu. Arhìtektura ì sìl’s’kogospodars’ke budìvnictvo. 2019. No. 20. P. 33–37. 4. Корнійчук Т. С. Динаміка сталефібробетонних конструкцій: дис. ... д-ра філософії: 192. Одеса, 2021. 184 с. Korniichuk T. S. Dynamika stalefibrobetonnykh konstruktsii: dys. ... d-ra filosofii: 192. Odesa, 2021. 184 s. 5. Ather M. M., Siddiq M. A., Raheem M. A., Nanchari K. Effects of Hybrid Steel Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). 2022. Vol. 09, Iss. 05. P. 1036–1041. 6. Behbahani H. P., Nematollahi B., Sam A. R. M., Lai F. C. Flexural Behavior of Steel-Fiber-Added-RC (SFARC) Beams with C30 and C50 Classes of Concrete. 7. Yang I. H., Joh C., Kim B. S. Flexural strength of ultra high strength concrete beams reinforced with steel fibers. Procedia Engineering. 2011. Vol. 14. P. 793–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.100
STUDY OF CRACK FORMATION DYNAMICS AND RESISTANCE OF PIPE JOINTS
Pipe, deformation, crack, plastic zone, crack resistance. Portlandcement, 3D construction printer, extrusion, nozzle travel speed, extrusion quality, design of experiments. This study presents an in-depth investigation of the kinetics of crack formation in the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) under static and cyclic loading. The relevance of the topic stems from the need to improve the operational reliability of main pipelines under long-term service conditions. A correlation has been established between microstructural parameters, specifically the morphology of the ferrite-pearlite phase, and the metal’s resistance to the propagation of main cracks.Critical crack opening values and stress intensity factors for welds made under various process conditions were experimentally determined. Fractographic analysis methods were applied to identify fracture mechanisms—ranging from ductile pitting to brittle spalling. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of a refined model of crack initiation dynamics that accounts for residual welding stresses and the gradient of mechanical properties in the HAZ.The practical significance of the results lies in the ability to predict the remaining service life of pipe structures, taking into account the identified defects. Recommendations have been formulated for optimizing thermal welding cycles to ensure maximum resistance to failure. The obtained data can be used in the design of technical condition monitoring systems for high-risk facilities. A method has been developed for determining the energy criterion, which allows assessing the resistance to dynamic crack propagation in pipe steels of different strength groups (X50 – X70) and their welded joints made using different welding technologies. The energy parameter – AP was determined on DWTT type samples using a pendulum impact tester. A methodology has been developed for studying the corrosion cracking of pipes, taking into account the biaxial stress state and the correct use of the laws of linear fracture mechanics. 1. P.Chindaprasrt, Cao Setting, segregation and bleeding of alkali-activated cement, mortar and concrete binders / Handbook of Alkali-activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes, WP, 2015, p.p.113-131. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782422884.2.113 2. Krivenko P., Petropavlovskii O., Vozniuk H., Lakusta S. The development of alkali-activated cement mixtures for fast rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures / Procedia Engineering 195 (2017), p.p. 142-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.536 3. ДСТУБВ.2.7-185:2009 "Цементи. Методи визначення нормальної густоти, строків тужавлення та рівномірності зміни об'єму".DSTU B 2.7-185:2009 "Tsementy. Metody vyznachennia normalnoi hustoty, strokiv tuzhavlennia ta rivnomirnosti zminy obiemu. DSTUBV.2.7-185:2009 "Tsementy. Metody vyznachennia normalnoi hustoty, strokiv tuzhavlennia ta rivnomirnosti zminy obiemu".DSTU B V.2.7-185:2009 "Tsementy. Metody vyznachennia normalnoi hustoty, strokiv tuzhavlennia ta rivnomirnosti zminy obiemu. 4. Berdnyk O Yu, Lastivka O V, Maystrenko A A, Amelina N O. Processes of structure formation and neoformation of basalt fiber in an alkaline environment. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Innovative Technology in Architecture and Design (ITAD 020). – Vol. 907. – 012036. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/907/1/012036
INFLUENCE OF REPEATED LOADS ON DEFLECTIONS OF LINKS OF DOUBLE-HINGED REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES WITH ARTIFICIAL REGULATION OF FORCES
Reinforced concrete, concrete, reinforcement, frame, force, deflection, calculation, deformation, stress The aim is to analyze the effect of repeated low-cycle loading on deflections in two-hinged reinforced concrete frames with artificial force regulation with similar two-hinged reinforced concrete frames without artificial force regulation. To study U-shaped reinforced concrete frames with artificial force regulation, reinforced concrete frame samples were manufactured, which had the following dimensions in the axes: span l = 2000 mm, height h = 1100 mm, cross-section of the frame beam – 160 × 100 mm, cross-section of the frame column 180 × 100 mm. The frame crossbar and uprights are reinforced with spatial frames with four symmetrically arranged Ø14A400C rods. The upper rods in the crossbar nodes are rounded and inserted into the uprights beyond the lower edge of the crossbar by 200 mm (twenty diameters). The transverse reinforcement in the uprights and crossbars is made in the form of closed welded frames of Ø5Vr-I rods installed in the crossbar with a pitch of 60, and in the upright 70 and 50 mm in the near-wall zone. The prestressed tightening of the frame is made of Ø18 A400C rod reinforcement. The frame tests were performed according to the scheme of a two-hinged system, loading the crossbar with two concentrated forces at a distance of 75 cm from the axis of the uprights. The forces were created by a hydraulic jack, and the force was measured by a calibrated ring dynamometer. The results of the analysis of the influence of repeated loads on the deflections of the frame crossbar with artificial force regulation are presented. It was established that at loading levels Fcyc ≈ 0.3 Fu – 0.45 Fu, the stabilization of the deflections of the frame crossbar with artificial force regulation occurs by the fifth load-unload cycle. At loading levels Fcyc ≈ 0.3 Fu – 0.7 Fu, the stabilization of the frame deflections occurs by the sixth load-unload cycle. An increase in the load level (from 0.45 Fu to 0.7 Fu), after stabilization of the frame with artificial force regulation, leads to an increase in deflections. Re-stabilization of frame beam deflections with artificial force regulation occurs during the next five load-unload cycles after increasing its level. Stabilization of deflections occurs immediately after reducing the load level in the frames. 1. Філіпчук С. В. Робота замкнутих залізобетонних рам при повторних малоциклових навантаженнях: дис. к-та наук. Полтава, 2009. 287 с. Filipchuk S. V. Robota zamknutykh zalizobetonnykh ram pry povtornykh malotsyklovykh navantazhenniakh: dys. k-ta nauk. Poltava, 2009. 287 s. 2. ДБН В.2.6–98:2009. Конструкції будинків і споруд. Бетонні та залізобетонні конструкції. Основні положення. – К.:Мінрегіонбуд України, 2011. – 71 с. DBN V.2.6–98:2009. Konstruktsii budynkiv i sporud. Betonni ta zalizobetonni konstruktsii. Osnovni polozhennia. – K.:Minrehionbud Ukrainy, 2011. – 71 s. 3. Бабич В.Є., Ковальчук Ю.Т. Напружено-деформований стан залізобетонних П-подібних рам, розрахованих за пружньою стадією роботи та стадією з урахуванням перерозподілу зусиль. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди, Рівне: Видавництво НУВГП, 2023. Випуск 44, С. 120-132. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i44.14 Babych V.Ie., Kovalchuk Yu.T. Napruzheno-deformovanyi stan zalizobetonnykh P-podibnykh ram, rozrakhovanykh za pruzhnoiu stadiieiu roboty ta stadiieiu z urakhuvanniam pererozpodilu zusyl. Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsii, budivli ta sporudy, Rivne: Vydavnytstvo NUVHP, 2023. Vypusk 44, S. 120-132. 4. Filipchuk S.V., Sobishchanskyi O.L., Kovalchuk Y.T. Methodology for testing double-hinged reinforced concrete frames with artificial regulation of forces. Resource-saving materials, structures, buildings and structures, Rivne, NUWM, 2025. Issue 47, pp. 425-430. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i47.51 5. Tunc G., Othman M., Mertol H. Finite Element Analysis of Frames with Reinforced Concrete Encased Steel Composite Columns // – 2022. – Vol. 12(3). – P. 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030375 6. Savin S., Iliushchenko T. Calculation of reinforced concrete frames with discrete crack modeling. Reinforced Concrete Structures. – 2024. – Vol. 1. – P. 45–54. https://doi.org/10.22227/2949-1622.2024.2.54-63 7. Karaton M., Sayin E. Failure analysis of reinforced concrete frames using finite element modeling . Engineering Structures. – 2014. – Vol. 74. – P. 87–97. 8. MacGregor J. G., Wight J. K. Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design. – 6th ed. – Upper Saddle River : Pearson Education, 2012. – 1152 p. 9. Фролов В. В. Сучасні тенденції проектування залізобетонних рам. // Вісник будівництва, №3, 2020. Frolov V. V. Suchasni tendentsii proektuvannia zalizobetonnykh ram. // Visnyk budivnytstva, №3, 2020.
REINFORCEMENT OF DRY FIBERCONCRETE COATINGS
high-strength; steelfiber concrete; coating; wear resistance; protection. In the last two decades, steelfiber concrete has become widely used. Currently, this material is combined with traditional reinforced concrete with continuous reinforcement. The main points of steelfibreconcrete lie on the displaced support due to tension and high viscosity of the structure, fiber fragments provide effective support for opening cracks not only due to consolidation (based on axial for fiber straight), but also support in the transverse direction. The average economical effect of viscous pipe lined with fiber-reinforced concrete is 25458.0 UAH/m. When adding 1 km to the slurry pipeline, the amount will become 25458000 UAH, which provides significant savings in fixed assets for the enterprise. This figure does not account for the cost of downtime associated with the installation of a new pipe and the dismantling of the old one, as well as repairs to the slurry pipeline, which take up many hours during the operation of the pipe. The use of wear-resistant lining allows you to significantly increase the service life of the pipeline, especially pipelines operating in difficult conditions at high speeds up to 30 m/s and particle sizes up to 4 mm, abrasive rocks, and elevated temperatures up to 1200 °C. Due to their strength properties, products made using fiberconcrete lining (lined pipes, bends, tees, crosses, gutters) can withstand loads significantly exceeding 5 MPa and therefore can be widely used to protect equipment from abrasive wear, exposure to aggressive environments and high temperatures, which is confirmed by many years of experience in operating such products in various industries, ensuring an increase in the service life of equipment by 2…6 times. Дворкін Л.Й. Бетони спеціального призначення. Навчальний посібник. – Київ: Видавничий дім «Кондор», 2018. 354 с. ISBN 978-617-7582-30-3. Дворкін Л.Й. Гідротехнічні бетони. Навчальний посібник. – Київ: Каравела, 2023. 285 с. HutchingsM. Wear-resistant materials: into the next century, Materials Science and Engineering A. 1994. Vol. 184. №2. Р.185-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(94)91031-6. Yoo D.-Y., Banthia N. Mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete: A review. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2016. 73. Р. 267-280. DOI:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.08.001. Анопко Д.В., Бондаренко О.П. Захисні покриття на основі високоміцних бетонів. Шляхи підвищення ефективності будівництва. 2025. Вип. 56 (1). С. 267-274. DOI:32347/2707-501x.2025.56(1). Anopko D., Bondarenko O. Composition Cement for Wear-Resistant Lining of Technological Equipment. IOS Press Conf. Series: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. Ebook.Vol. 81: Hydraulic and Civil Engineering Technology X., Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference (HCET 2025), Xiamen, China, 26-28 September, 2025. Р. 523-530. DOI: 3233/ATDE251270. ДСТУ 9208:2022 Бетони важкі. Технічні умови. [Чинний від 2022-12-27]. Вид. офіц. Київ: ДП «УкрНДНЦ», 2022. 32 с. ДСТУ-Н Б В.2.6-218:2016 Настанова з проектування та виготовлення конструкцій з дисперсноармованого бетону. [Чинний від 2016-07-01]. Вид. офіц. Київ: ДП «УкрНДНЦ», 2016. 28 с. ДСТУ Б В.2.6-2:2009 Конструкції будинків і споруд. Вироби бетонні і залізобетонні. Загальні технічні умови. [Чинний від 2010-01-10]. Вид. офіц. Київ: ДП «УкрНДНЦ», 2010. 24 с. ДСТУ Б В.2.7-212:2009 Будівельні матеріали. Бетони. Методи визначення стиранності. [Чинний від 2010-01-09]. Вид. офіц. Київ : ДП «УкрНДНЦ», 2010. 20 с.
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE SELECTION OF RATIONAL WINDOW SYSTEMS BASED ON MULTI-CRITERIA OPTIMIZATION
Material, sealing, thermal insulation, characteristics, design, cost, analysis, load, operation, calculation, indicator, coefficient, standard. It is widely recognised that window design is a fundamental factor influencing a building’s overall energy performance and thermal efficiency. Windows serve not only as sources of natural insolation and ventilation but also act as primary elements determining heat transmission and indoor climatic comfort. Consequently, the strategic selection of window configurations has a direct and significant impact on energy consumption patterns and annual heating expenditures. The energy efficiency of modern window systems is evaluated through a comprehensive set of parameters, including thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficients, and structural airtightness. Furthermore, a professional assessment must incorporate long-term operating costs, structural durability, and the feasibility of routine maintenance. A holistic approach to selection necessitates a detailed analysis of regional climatic conditions, building orientation, architectural typology, and specific functional requirements. Such a strategy not only minimises the thermal load on the building’s HVAC systems but also ensures an optimal living environment for occupants. This study conducts a comparative analysis of several prominent window system configurations: the Rehau 5-chamber PVC-U, Rehau 3-chamber PVC-U, WDS 5-chamber PVC-U, WDS 76 AD / WDS 76 MD profiles, and the VEKA 5-chamber system. The research methodology involved rigorous calculations of heat loss, additional heating expenditures, and initial material costs for installation. Additionally, capital investments in infrastructure and annual maintenance and repair costs were determined using the Life Cycle Costing (LCC) approach. The preliminary economic evaluation revealed that the lowest discounted costs (1,000 UAH) are associated with the WDS 76 AD profile, followed by the VEKA Softline 70 (1,098 UAH). To ensure a scientifically grounded choice, a multi-objective optimisation was performed using the Multi-Objective Ratio Analysis (MOORA) method. This approach integrated both economic indicators and energy efficiency coefficients. The final results identify the WDS 76 AD profile as the most efficient solution, with REHAU Energy systems occupying the second position. The study concludes that the MOORA-based methodology provides a more reliable framework for selection than standard cost-based assessments, recommending the WDS 76 AD system for further engineering design and implementation. 1. Правила визначення вартості будівництва : ДБН Д.1.1-1-2000 (з урахуванням змін та доповнень). [Чинний від 2000-10-01]. Київ : Мінбуд України, 2006. № 1 (січень). (Ціноутворення у будівництві : збірник офіційних документів та роз’яснень). Pravyla vyznachennia vartosti budivnytstva : DBN D.1.1-1-2000 (z urakhuvanniam zmin ta dopovnen). [Chynnyi vid 2000-10-01]. Kyiv : Minbud Ukrainy, 2006. № 1 (sichen). (Tsinoutvorennia u budivnytstvi : zbirnyk ofitsiinykh dokumentiv ta roziasnen). 2. Ціноутворення у будівництві : збірник офіційних документів та роз’яснень. Київ: Мінбуд України, 2006. № 2 (лютий). Tsinoutvorennia u budivnytstvi : zbirnyk ofitsiinykh dokumentiv ta roziasnen. Kyiv: Minbud Ukrainy, 2006. № 2 (liutyi). 3. Додатки до ДБН Д.1.1-1-2000 (з урахуванням змін та доповнень). Правила визначення вартості будівництва. Київ : Мінбуд України, 2006. № 1, № 2. (Ціноутворення у будівництві : збірник офіційних документів та роз’яснень). Dodatky do DBN D.1.1-1-2000 (z urakhuvanniam zmin ta dopovnen). Pravyla vyznachennia vartosti budivnytstva. Kyiv : Minbud Ukrainy, 2006. № 1, № 2. (Tsinoutvorennia u budivnytstvi : zbirnyk ofitsiinykh dokumentiv ta roziasnen). 4. Ресурсні елементні кошторисні норми на будівельні роботи. Оздоблювальні роботи : ДСТУ Б Д.2.2-15:2012. (Збірник 15). [Чинний від 2013-01-01]. Київ : Мінрегіон України, 2012. Resursni elementni koshtorysni normy na budivelni roboty. Ozdobliuvalni roboty : DSTU B D.2.2-15:2012. (Zbirnyk 15). [Chynnyi vid 2013-01-01]. Kyiv : Minrehion Ukrainy, 2012. 5. Гомон П. С., Савицький В. В. Ціноутворення та інвесторська кошторисна документація будівництва : навч. посіб. Рівне : НУВГП, 2021. 214 с. Homon P. S., Savytskyi V. V. Tsinoutvorennia ta investorska koshtorysna dokumentatsiia budivnytstva : navch. posib. Rivne : NUVHP, 2021. 214 s. 6. Бабіч Є. Є., Гомон П. С., Поляновська О. Є., Ласкевич А. Вибір оптимального варіанту покрівельного матеріалу. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди : зб. наук. праць. Рівне : НУВГП, 2024. Вип. 46. С. 389–398. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i46.45 Babich Ye. Ye., Homon P. S., Polianovska O. Ye., Laskevych A. Vybir optymalnoho variantu pokrivelnoho materialu. Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsii, budivli ta sporudy : zb. nauk. prats. Rivne : NUVHP, 2024. Vyp. 46. S. 389–398. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i46.45 7. Бабіч Є. Є., Гомон П. С., Поляновська О. Є. Оптимальний варіант утеплення стін фасадним утеплювачем. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди : зб. наук. праць. Рівне : НУВГП, 2024. Вип. 45. С. 378–385. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i45.43 Babich Ye. Ye., Homon P. S., Polianovska O. Ye. Optymalnyi variant uteplennia stin fasadnym utepliuvachem. Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsii, budivli ta sporudy : zb. nauk. prats. Rivne : NUVHP, 2024. Vyp. 45. S. 378–385. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i45.43 8. Brauers K. W. M. et al. Multi-objective decision-making for road design. Transport. 2008. Vol. 23, No. 3. P. 183–193. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.183-193 Brauers K. W. M. et al. Multi-objective decision-making for road design. Transport. 2008. Vol. 23, No. 3. P. 183–193. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.183-193
METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN TECHNICAL SUPERVISION UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTION DIGITALIZATION
digitalization, project management, BIM, design documentation, project stage, efficiency, optimization, modeling, design, designer, construction, organization, knowledge‑based engineering, clashes, convergence of design stages, knowledge engineering, algorithmic design, design solution plugin, infrastructure restoration. The article investigates the issue of organizational collisions arising during the multi-stage design of construction objects within the context of Ukraine's infrastructure restoration. The author analyzes international practices (RIBA, HOAI, ACE) and the national regulatory framework, identifying gaps between conceptual solutions and detailed project development. A hypothesis is proposed regarding the necessity of design stage convergence through the digitalization of experts' implicit experience. The concept of a "Design Solution Plugin" (DSP) is introduced as a digital asset based on Knowledge-Based Engineering (KBE) and Algorithmic Design (AD) methodologies. The shift in the designer's role from a performer of routine tasks to an architect of logical systems is justified. 1. Каетано Ж. Інтеграція аналізу експлуатаційних характеристик будівлі в робочі процеси генеративного проектування [Integration of Building Performance Analysis in Generative Design Workflows] : дис. … д-ра філос. (PhD) / Лісабонський університет. – Лісабон, 2021. – 258 с. Kaetano Zh. Intehratsiia analizu ekspluatatsiinykh kharakterystyk budivli v robochi protsesy heneratyvnoho proektuvannia [Integration of Building Performance Analysis in Generative Design Workflows] : dys. … d-ra filos. (PhD) / Lisabonskyi universytet. – Lisabon, 2021. – 258 s. 2. Управління будівельними проєктами за допомогою інформаційної системи «Цифровий двійник» / Г. Рижакова, О. Малихін, В. Поколенко та ін. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 2022. Vol. 12, Iss. 10. 24–33. DOI: 10.46338/ijetae1022_03. Upravlinnia budivelnymy proiektamy za dopomohoiu informatsiinoi systemy «Tsyfrovyi dviinyk» / H. Ryzhakova, O. Malykhin, V. Pokolenko ta in. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 2022. Vol. 12, Iss. 10. P. 24–33. DOI: 10.46338/ijetae1022_03. 3. Про затвердження Порядку розроблення проектної документації на будівництво об'єктів : Наказ Міністерства регіонального розвитку, будівництва та житлово-комунального господарства України від 16 трав. 2011 р. № 45 (у редакції наказу Мінрегіону від 22 трав. 2018 р. № 123). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0651-11/ed20200109#Text (дата звернення: 23.03.2026) Pro zatverdzhennia Poriadku rozroblennia proektnoi dokumentatsii na budivnytstvo obiektiv : Nakaz Ministerstva rehionalnoho rozvytku, budivnytstva ta zhytlovo-komunalnoho hospodarstva Ukrainy vid 16 trav. 2011 r. № 45 (u redaktsii nakazu Minrehionu vid 22 trav. 2018 r. № 123). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0651-11/ed20200109#Text (data zvernennia: 23.03.2026) 4. Склад та зміст проектної документації на будівництво : ДБН А.2.2-3:2014. [На заміну ДБН А.2.2-3-2012 ; чинний від 2014-10-01]. Вид. офіц. Київ : Мінрегіон України, 2014. 31 с. (Інженерні вишукування, проектування та територіальне планування). URL: https://e-construction.gov.ua/ (дата звернення: 23.03.2026) 5. Composition and Content of Project Documentation for Construction: DBN A.2.2-3:2014. [Replaces DBN A.2.2-3-2012; effective from 2014-10-01]. Official edition. Kyiv: Ministry of Regional Development of Ukraine, 2014. 31 p. (Engineering Surveys, Design, and Territorial Planning). URL: https://e-construction.gov.ua/ (accessed: 23.03.2026). 6. RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview (Огляд плану робіт RIBA 2020). Королівський інститут британських архітекторів. Лондон : RIBA, 2020. 84 с. URL:https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/resources-landing-page/riba-plan-of-work (дата звернення: 23.03.2026). 7. Honorarordnung für Architekten und Ingenieure (HOAI) : Положення про гонорари архітекторів та інженерів : Постанова Федерального уряду від 10 лип. 2013 р. (BGBl. I S. 2276), із останніми змінами, внесеними статтею 1 Постанови від 2 груд. 2020 р. (BGBl. I S. 2636). URL: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/hoai_2013/ (дата звернення: 23.03.2026). 8. Обсяг послуг та інтелектуальна робота архітекторів : Доповідь Ради архітекторів Європи (ACE). Брюссель : ACE, 2018. 48 с. URL:https://www.ace-cae.eu/ (дата звернення: 23.03.2026). Scope of Services and Intellectual Work of Architects: Report of the Architects' Council of Europe (ACE). Brussels: ACE, 2018. 48 p. URL: https://www.ace-cae.eu/ (accessed: 23.03.2026). 9. Комплексна реалізація проєктів: посібник [Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide] : American Institute of Architects (AIA). Sacramento : AIA California Council, 2007. 62 p. URL:https://content.aia.org/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf (дата звернення: 23.03.2026). Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide : American Institute of Architects (AIA). Sacramento : AIA California Council, 2007. 62 p. URL: https://content.aia.org/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf (accessed: 23.03.2026). 10. Управління інженерними знаннями: MOKA: Методологія для прикладних систем інженерії знань [Managing Engineering Knowledge: MOKA: Methodology for Knowledge Based Engineering Applications] / за ред. М. Стокса. – Бері-Сент-Едмундс : Professional Engineering Publishing Limited, 2001. – 150 с. Managing Engineering Knowledge: MOKA: Methodology for Knowledge Based Engineering Applications / ed. by M. Stokes. — Bury St. Edmunds : Professional Engineering Publishing Limited, 2001. — 150 p 11. Бандіні С., Коломбо Дж., Сарторі Ф. На шляху до інтеграції онтологій та мереж SA-Nets для управління основними знаннями в галузі проєктування та інженерії [Towards the integration of ontologies and SA–nets to manage design and engineering core knowledge]. Advanced Engineering Informatics. 2006. Vol. 20, Iss. 2. P. 123–139. URL:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228794031_Towards_the_integration_of_ontologies_and_SA-nets_to_manage_design_and_engineering_core_knowledge (дата звернення: 23.03.2026). Bandini S., Colombo G., Sartori F. Towards the integration of ontologies and SA–nets to manage design and engineering core knowledge. Advanced Engineering Informatics. 2006. Vol. 20, Iss. 2. P. 123–139. URL.: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228794031_Towards_the_integration_of_ontologies_and_SA-nets_to_manage_design_and_engineering_core_knowledge (accessed: 23.03.2026). 11. Gendl: Generic Design Language for Common Lisp. Quickdocs. URL: https://quickdocs.org/gendl (дата звернення: 23.03.2026). 12. 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COMBINED FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE INVESTIGATION OF STRENGTH AND WEAR RESISTANCE
Fiber reinforced concrete, roads, airports, fiber. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the strength and wear resistance of combined fiber-reinforced concrete intended for use in rigid pavement structures. The relevance of the research is обусловлена the growing demand for durable pavement materials capable of withstanding intensive traffic loads, repeated mechanical impacts, and aggressive environmental influences. Conventional cement concrete, despite its high compressive strength, is characterized by limited crack resistance and insufficient resistance to abrasion, which often leads to premature deterioration of rigid pavements. The study focuses on the effect of combined fiber reinforcement, achieved through the simultaneous use of fibers of different types and mechanical properties, on the formation of the mechanical and performance characteristics of concrete composites. The synergistic interaction of fibers with different geometries, elastic moduli, and bonding mechanisms contributes to improved stress redistribution within the cement matrix and inhibits the initiation and propagation of microcracks at early stages of loading. Experimental investigations included the evaluation of compressive strength, flexural strength, and wear resistance of combined fiber-reinforced concrete compared to reference compositions without fibers and with single-type fiber reinforcement. Special attention was paid to the behavior of the material under conditions simulating operational loads typical for rigid pavements of highways, airfields, industrial floors, and logistics terminals. The obtained results demonstrate that combined fiber reinforcement significantly enhances crack resistance, abrasion resistance, and overall durability of concrete, particularly under conditions of cyclic loading and exposure to aggressive media. The findings confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of using combined fiber-reinforced concrete in rigid pavement structures. The improved performance characteristics of the material make it possible to increase the service life of pavements, reduce maintenance costs, and enhance operational reliability. The results of the study can be applied in the design and construction of rigid road and airfield pavements with increased requirements for strength, wear resistance, and long-term durability. 1. ДСТУ 8858:2019. Суміші цементобетонні дорожні та цементобетон дорожній. Технічні умови. Київ, 2020. 16 с. (Інформація та документація). DSTU 8858:2019. Sumishi tsementobetonni dorozhni ta tsementobeton dorozhnii. Tekhnichni umovy. Kyiv, 2020. 16 s. (Informatsiia ta dokumentatsiia). 2. Кровяков С. О., Шестакова Л. Є. Міцність, зносостійкість і морозостійкість фібробетонів жорстких дорожніх покриттів з базальтовою фіброю та повітровтягуючою добавкою. Дороги і мости. 2023. Вип. 28. С. 144-158. https://doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2023.28.144. Kroviakov S. O., Shestakova L. Ye. Mitsnist, znosostiikist i morozostiikist fibrobetoniv zhorstkykh dorozhnikh pokryttiv z bazaltovoiu fibroiu ta povitrovtiahuiuchoiu dobavkoiu. Dorohy i mosty. 2023. Vyp. 28. S. 144-158. https://doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2023.28.144. 3. Dvorkin, L.; Konkol, J.; Marchuk, V.; Huts, A. Efficient, Fine-Grained Fly Ash Concrete Based on Metal and Basalt Fibers. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16113969 4. Крижановський В. О. Модифіковані бетони і фібробетони для влаштування та ремонту жорстких дорожніх і аеродромних покриттів : дис. … д-ра філос. Одеса, 2022. Kryzhanovskyi V. O. Modyfikovani betony i fibrobetony dlia vlashtuvannia ta remontu zhorstkykh dorozhnikh i aerodromnykh pokryttiv : dys. … d-ra filos. Odesa, 2022. 5. Deng Q., Zhang R., Liu C., Duan Z., Xiao J. Influence of fiber properties on abrasion resistance of recycled aggregate concrete: Length, volume fraction, and types of fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, 362, 129750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129750. 6. Yao D., Li J., Xiao H., Yang W., Liu R. Research on the surface abrasion resistance performance of basalt fiber reinforced concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 2024, 88, 109125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109125. 7. Толмачов С. М. Стираність дорожніх бетонів як критерій прогнозування їх довговічності. Вісник Національного університету водного господарства та природокористування. 2019. Вип. 4(88). С. 157-171. https://doi.org/10.31713/vt4201915 Tolmachov S. M. Styranist dorozhnikh betoniv yak kryterii prohnozuvannia yikh dovhovichnosti. Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu vodnoho hospodarstva ta pryrodokorystuvannia. 2019. Vyp. 4(88). S. 157-171. https://doi.org/10.31713/vt4201915 8. Гедулян Д. Ю. Фібробетони підвищеної довговічності для дорожніх одягів та аеродромних покриттів : дис. ... д-ра філос. : 192 / Одес. держ. акад. буд-ва та архітектури. Одеса, 2021. 195 с. Hedulian D. Yu. Fibrobetony pidvyshchenoi dovhovichnosti dlia dorozhnikh odiahiv ta aerodromnykh pokryttiv : dys. ... d-ra filos. : 192 / Odes. derzh. akad. bud-va ta arkhitektury. Odesa, 2021. 195 s. 9. Polishchuk, O., Ziatiuk, Y., Fursovych, M., Supruniuk, V., Romaniuk, V., 2025. Combined Reinforcement as a Means of Increasing the Durability of Rigid Pavement. MSF 1170, 75–79. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-bqtxa8
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF THE INTERNAL SURFACE OF THE EXTERNAL WALL AND THERMOMETRIC METHOD
coefficient, heat, convection, radiation, measurement, temperature, wall, building A method for determining the heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the outer wall is proposed. The method takes into account real conditions. The heat transfer coefficient is presented as the sum of the radiative and convective parts. The radiative part takes into account the surface emission coefficients, the temperature of the outer wall surface, and the average radiation temperature, which is taken equal to the weighted average temperature of the inner surfaces. The average surface temperature is proposed to be determined using infrared thermography. The convective component of the heat transfer coefficient is determined according to the values of certain dimensionless parameters. To assess the dominant mechanism of air movement near the surface, the speed of movement is measured with hot-wire anemometer. A formula is obtained to determine the transition point from the laminar flow regime to the turbulent one. A choice of equations is proposed to determine the local values of the Nusselt number, and accordingly, the convective component of the heat transfer coefficient. A ratio for the average values of the convective component is obtained. Field studies were performed for real multi-stored residential buildings. The local and averaged values of the heat transfer coefficient of wall surfaces were obtained. This can be useful both for determining the average value of the wall U-value and for comparison with the results of local experimental measurements by other methods. Using the determined heat transfer coefficients and the thermometric method (THM), of the wall U-value were obtained. For conditions of low temperature in the room and a well-insulated wall, a significant decrease in the heat transfer coefficient of the wall surface, and accordingly, of the wall U-value, was obtained in comparison with the results obtained using the standard constant value of the heat transfer coefficient. 1. Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Rodríguez-Álvaro, R., Moyano, J., Rico, F., & Marín, D. (2018). Determining the U-Value of Façades Using the Thermometric Method: Potentials and Limitations. Energies, 11(2), 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020360 2. Боднар Ю., Босецький М. Визначення коефіцієнта теплопередачі стіни багатоповерхового житлового будинку термометричним методом. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди. Збірник наукових праць. (випуск 47), 2025, с.455-463. Рівне. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i47.55 Bodnar Yu., Bosetskyi M. Vyznachennia koefitsiienta teploperedachi stiny bahatopoverkhovoho zhytlovoho budynku termometrychnym metodom. Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsii, budivli ta sporudy. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats. (vypusk 47), 2025, s.455-463. Rivne. 3. Teni, M., Krstić, H., & Kosiński, P. (2019). Review and Comparison of Current Experimental Approaches for In-situ Measurements of Building Walls Thermal Transmittance. Energy and Buildings, 109417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109417 4. Michalak, P. (2021). Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Internal Convective and Radiative Heat Transfer Coefficients for a Vertical Wall in a Residential Building. Energies, 14, 5953. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185953 5. Building Components and Building Elements –Thermal Resistance and Thermal Transmittance –Calculation Method (ISO 6946:2017; EN ISO 6946:2017). 6. ДСТУ 9191:2022 Теплоізоляція будівель. Метод вибору теплоізоляційного матеріалу для утеплення будівель. К. 2022. DSTU 9191:2022 Teploizoliatsiia budivel. Metod vyboru teploizoliatsiinoho materialu dlia uteplennia budivel. 7. Evangelisti, C. Guattari, P. Gori, R. de Lieto Vollaro, F. Asdrubali, (2016). Experimental investigation of the influence of convective and radiative heat transfers on thermal transmittance measurements, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 78 214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.09.008 . 8. Abdul-Jabbar N Khalifa. (2001). Natural convective heat transfer coefficient – a review: I. Isolated vertical and horizontal surfaces. , 42(4), 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(00)00042-x 9. Bergman T. L., Lavine A. S., Incropera F. P., DeWitt D. P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2017. 1072 p. ISBN 978-1-119-32256-8. 10. Walikewitz N., Jänicke B., Langner M., Meier F., Endlicher W. (2015). The difference between the mean radiant temperature and the air temperature within indoor environments: A case study during summer conditions // Building and Environment. Vol. 84. P. 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.11.004 .
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF A DESIGNED SINGLE-APARTMENT RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
coefficient, resistance, heat, temperature, modernization, energy, efficiency, wall, building The objective of this study is to analyze the energy efficiency of a two-story, single-family, wood-frame residential building in the Lviv region. To this end, we analyzed the energy requirements associated with transmission and ventilation heat losses, assessed their contribution to energy efficiency, and proposed thermal modernization measures. For simplicity, we determine the average heat loss during the heating season. We assume energy consumption equals energy requirements, and the latter is defined as the sum of transmission and ventilation heat losses. In accordance with standards, the indoor temperature is assumed to be 20°C, and the outdoor temperature is assumed to be equal to the average temperature during the heating season (0.4°C). The duration of the heating season is assumed to be 179 days. To determine the reduced thermal resistance of the exterior walls, we model wall sections using the finite element method. Since there is a ventilation gap between the exterior finish and the insulation, this structure is not considered in the thermal calculation. Its effect is accounted for through the heat transfer coefficient. We also do not consider interior finishing layers. Based on AIVC data, we adopt an air exchange rate of 0.4 h-1. As a result of the analysis of the results obtained, the following conclusions were made. Without taking into account the reduction in heat transfer resistance through thermal bridges, the building meets the regulatory requirements in force at the time of design. Taking into account thermal bridges, the building does not meet the regulatory requirements of that time for some structures, in particular, the resistance for walls is 83% of the regulatory value, and for the attic floor - 86%. To ensure the energy efficiency of low-rise residential buildings with a wooden frame, it is necessary to use cross-insulation of enclosing structures. To increase the energy efficiency of the designed building, first of all, it is advisable to increase the heat transfer resistance of walls and windows. The use of ventilation with recuperation is effective for reducing energy consumption. 1. Mišík, V. Oravcová , R. Vicenová. Energy efficiency of buildings in Central and Eastern Europe: room for improvement. Energy Efficiency, Vol.17 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-024-10215-y. 2. Україна планує витратити приблизно 205 млрд грн на термомодернізацію будівель до 2030 року https://okna.ua/ua/news/20250725/ukrayina-planuye-vytratyty-pryblyzno Ukraina planuie vytratyty pryblyzno 205 mlrd hrn na termomodernizatsiiu budivel do 2030 roku Rebuilding better and faster – why energy efficiency is key for Ukraine. https://www.iea.org/commentaries/rebuilding-better-and-faster-why-energy-efficiency-is-key-for-ukraine 3. Михеєв Ю. М., Янтовська Е. Л., Демент’єв В. В. Шляхи підвищення енергоефективності індивідуальних житлових будинків, що реконструюються // Науковий вісник будівництва. 2021. №2. С. 45-52. https://svc.kname.edu.ua/index.php/svc/uk/article/view/465 (дата звернення: 04.02.2026). Mykheiev Yu. M., Yantovska E. L., Dementiev V. V. Shliakhy pidvyshchennia enerhoefektyvnosti indyvidualnykh zhytlovykh budynkiv, shcho rekonstruiuiutsia // Naukovyi visnyk budivnytstva. 2021. №2. S. 45-52 4. Боднар Ю., Буханєц Д. Тепловтрати через стіни малоповерхових житлових будинків з дерев’яним каркасом. Вісник Львівського національного аграрного університету. Львів, 2019. №20 . С.5-8 Bodnar Yu., Bukhaniets D. Teplovtraty cherez stiny malopoverkhovykh zhytlovykh budynkiv z derev’ianym karkasom. Visnyk Lvivskoho natsionalnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. Lviv, 2019. №20. S.5-8. 5. Seok-Ho Hwang. A Study on Economic Analysis According to Insulation Specifications for Green Remodeling in Deteriorated Single Family House. Journal of KIAEBS 2022, 16(6), https://doi.org/10.22696/jkiaebs.20220044 6. M. Carpio, A. García-Maraver, D. P. Ruiz, M. Martín-Morales. Impact of the envelope design of residential buildings on their acclimation energy demand, CO2 emissions and energy rating. Conference: Energy and Sustainability 2014, https://doi.org 10.2495/ESUS140331 7. M. Heidari, M. H. Rahdar , A. Dutta, F. Nasiri. An energy retrofit roadmap to net-zero energy and carbon footprint for single-family houses in Canada. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 60, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105141 8. AIVC https://www.aivc.org/
IMPACT OF CLIMATIC TEMPERATURES ON OPERATIONAL MODE OF LEFT-BANK UKRAINE MOTOR ROADS
road, asphalt concrete, coating, temperature, mode, transportation Analysis of temperature regime of the Left-Bank Ukraine roads surface was carried out in order to establish probable duration of hot and cold periods, dangerous for operation of asphalt concrete road surfaces. Based on the research results, administrative-territorial zoning of Left-Bank Ukraine was carried out according to the values of these indicators. Assessment of the temperature regime indicators of road surface operation was carried out based on the results of soil surface temperature meteorological observations at 61 meteorological stations from 10 regions of Left-Bank Ukraine. Using the previously developed methodology, meteorological data and characteristics of the road surface material, duration of dangerously cold and dangerously hot periods for the surface layer of highways, as well as duration of periods with a potential risk of ice formation on the road surface were predicted. For each of the administrative regions of Left-Bank Ukraine, average and estimated values ​​of these indicators are established at a provision of 0.9. Temperature regime of road surfaces has a clearly expressed seasonal and territorial variability. Duration of the dangerously cold period as well as the period with the risk of ice formation increases, while duration of the dangerously hot period decreases from the south to the north of Ukraine. Duration of the dangerously cold period changes more intensively across the territory compared to duration of the dangerously hot period. The final result of the research is administrative-territorial zoning of monthly and annual average and estimated regional duration of dangerous periods, presented in a tabular form which is convenient for practical application. The results of the study are recommended to be used in planning road transportation and creating operational warehouse stocks by taking into account the average and estimated number of days with dangerous road traffic on the territory of Left-Bank Ukraine in each month of the year. 1. KulambayevB., Beissenova G., Katayev N. A Deep Learning-Based Approach for Road Surface Damage Detection.Computers, Materials and Continua. 2022.Vol. 73, Is. 2. P. 3403. DOI: 10.32604/cmc.2022.029544 2. Автомобільні шляхи України // Вікіпедія: вільна енциклопедія. URL: https://surl.lu/chfbws (дата звернення 05.02.2026). Avtomobilni shliakhy Ukrainy // Vikipediia: vilna entsyklopediia. URL: https://surl.lu/chfbws (data zvernennia 05.02.2026). 3. ДБН В.2.3-4:2015. Споруди транспорту. Автомобільні дороги. Київ, 2015. 101 с. DBN V.2.3-4:2015. Sporudy transportu. Avtomobilni dorohy. Kyiv, 2015. 101 s. 4. ДСТУ Б В.2.7-119. Суміші асфальтобетонні і асфальтобетон дорожній та аеродромний. Технічні умови. Київ, 2012. 39 с. DSTU B V.2.7-119. Sumishi asfaltobetonni i asfaltobeton dorozhnii ta aerodromnyi. Tekhnichni umovy. Kyiv, 2012. 39 s. 5. Собко Ю.М., Сідун Ю.В., Карасьова Л.О. Проектування автомобільних доріг. Львів: Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019. 228 с. Sobko Yu.M., Sidun Yu.V., Karasova L.O. Proektuvannia avtomobilnykh dorih. Lviv: Vydavnytstvo Lvivskoi politekhniky, 2019. 228 s. 6. Карюк А.М. Б.В. Савенко Методика оцінювання температурного режиму покриття автомобільних доріг. Збірник наукових праць (галузеве машинобудування, будівництво). Вип. 1(46). Полтава: ПолтНТУ. 2016. С. 246 – 254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-015-3470-1 Kariuk A.M. B.V. Savenko Metodyka otsiniuvannia temperaturnoho rezhymu pokryttia avtomobilnykh dorih. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats (haluzeve mashynobuduvannia, budivnytstvo). Vyp. 1(46). Poltava: PoltNTU. 2016. S. 246 – 254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-015-3470-1 7. Кінаш Р.І. Бурнаєв О.М. Температурний режим повітря і ґрунту в Україні. Львів, 2001. 800 с. Kinash R.I. Burnaiev O.M. Temperaturnyi rezhym povitria i gruntu v Ukraini. Lviv, 2001. 800 s. 8. Карюк А.М. Литвиненко Т.П., Тимошевський В.В. Прогнозування температурного режиму поверхні автомобільних доріг на території Одеської області. Вісник Одеської державної академії будівництва та архітектури. Вип. 64. Одеса. 2016. С. 165–170. Kariuk A.M. Lytvynenko T.P., Tymoshevskyi V.V. Prohnozuvannia temperaturnoho rezhymu poverkhni avtomobilnykh dorih na terytorii Odeskoi oblasti. Visnyk Odeskoi derzhavnoi akademii budivnytstva ta arkhitektury. Vyp. 64. Odesa. 2016. S. 165–170. 9. ДСТУ 4044-2001. Бітуми нафтові дорожні в’язкі. Технічні умови. К, 2001. 6 с. DSTU 4044-2001. Bitumy naftovi dorozhni viazki. Tekhnichni umovy. K, 2001. 6 s. 10. ДСТУ Б В.2.7-135:2007. Бітуми дорожні, модифіковані полімерами. Технічні умови. Київ, 2007. 23 с. DSTU B V.2.7-135:2007. Bitumy dorozhni, modyfikovani polimeramy. Tekhnichni umovy. Kyiv, 2007. 23 s. 11. Пашинський В.А. Методика адміністративно-територіального районування кліматичних навантажень на будівельні конструкції. Ресурсоекономні матеріали, конструкції, будівлі та споруди: Зб. наук. праць. Вип. Рівне. 2016. С. 387-393. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i32.86 Pashynskyi V.A. Metodyka administratyvno-terytorialnoho raionuvannia klimatychnykh navantazhen na budivelni konstruktsii. Resursoekonomni materialy, konstruktsii, budivli ta sporudy: Zb. nauk. prats. Vyp. 32. Rivne. 2016. S. 387-393. https://doi.org/10.31713/budres.v0i32.86
JUSTIFICATION OF THE NECESSITY OF REINFORCING DAMAGED REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORS OF LARGE-PANEL BUILDINGS BY CREATING STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE NON-CONTINUOUS STRUCTURES
building, slab, damage, assessment, restoration, analysis, steel reinforce concrete, operation. The article investigates the beyond-design impacts on precast reinforced concrete floor systems of frameless large-panel multi-storey buildings resulting from military actions. The study examines the influence of external and internal factors on these structures and their subsequent deterioration. Drawing on detailed technical inspection reports conducted by the State Research Institute of Building Constructions (NIISK) in 2022 to assess the structural integrity and serviceability of buildings, this paper analyzes the nature of war-induced effects on frameless large-panel structures and their individual components, specifically precast reinforced concrete slabs. The research considers cases of multiple direct artillery strikes and aerial bombings, which cause the destruction of primary load-bearing members and the associated damage or collapse of floor elements. Scientific analysis of the condition of buildings and structures damaged by military actions leads to the conclusion that frame-monolithic structures exhibit the highest resilience, whereas frameless panel or large-panel buildings demonstrate the lowest structural stability. The findings of this analysis provide a foundation for the further identification, investigation, and development of more efficient methods for restoring the serviceability of damaged precast reinforced concrete floor systems. This remains a critical task today, necessitating solutions that prioritize not only structural restoration efficiency but also the safety of personnel and residents during and after the rehabilitation process. Recommendations for reinforcement took into account the nature of the damage and consisted in the formation of steel-reinforced concrete structures. ДСТУ 9273:2024 «Настанова щодо обстеження будівель і споруд для визначення та оцінювання їхнього технічного стану. Механічний опір та стійкість». - Київ, ДП "УкрНДЦ", 2024. - 78 с. DSTU 9273:2024 «Nastanova shchodo obstezhennia budivel i sporud dlia vyznachennia ta otsiniuvannia yikhnoho tekhnichnoho stanu. Mekhanichnyi opir ta stiikist». - Kyiv, DP "UkrNDTs", 2024. - 78 s. 2. ДБН В.1.2-6:2021 «Основні вимоги до будівель і споруд. Механічний опір та стійкість». - Київ: Мінрегіонбуд України, 2022. - 31 с. DBN V.1.2-6:2021 «Osnovni vymohy do budivel i sporud. Mekhanichnyi opir ta stiikist». - Kyiv: Minrehionbud Ukrainy, 2022. - 31 s. 3. ДБН В.1.2-14:2018 «Загальні принципи забезпечення надійності та конструктивної безпеки будівель і споруд». - Київ: Мінрегіонбуд України, 2018. - 36 с. DBN V.1.2-14:2018 «Zahalni pryntsypy zabezpechennia nadiinosti ta konstruktyvnoi bezpeky budivel i sporud». - Kyiv: Minrehionbud Ukrainy, 2018. - 36 s. 4. «Методика проведення обстеження та оформлення його результатів». Наказ Міністерства розвитку громад та територій України від 06 серпня 2022 року № 144. «Metodyka provedennia obstezhennia ta oformlennia yoho rezultativ». Nakaz Ministerstva rozvytku hromad ta terytorii Ukrainy vid 06 serpnia 2022 roku № 144. 5. Hasenko A., Semko P., Usenko D., Ovsii D., Kudinova A., Padun Yu., Mishchenko R. (2025) Destructions and strengthening of buildings and structures damaged as the result of non-design influences analysis: Monograph. Riga, Latvia : Baltija Publishing, 2025. 122 p. https://doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-621-8 6. Табаркевич О., Сергійчук В., Табаркевич Н. (2023). Відновлення пошкоджених обстрілами житлових будинків Чернігівщини. Наука та будівництво. 37(3). URL: https://doi.org/ 10.33644/2313-6679-3-2023-7. Tabarkevych, O., Serhiichuk, V., & Tabarkevych, N. (2023). Vidnovlennia poshkodzhenykh obstrilamy zhytlovykh budynkiv Chernihivshchyny. Nauka & bud., 37(3). 7. Молодід О.С. (2025). 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FEATURES OF TECHNICAL SUPERVISION OVER EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION IN CONSTRUCTION
technical supervision, equipment installation, labor intensity, organization of technical supervision, control operations, influencing factors Ensuring the operational reliability and safety of construction objects directly depends on the quality of equipment installation works. Although the technical supervision service plays a key role in this process, a significant normative contradiction arises in practice. Current cost-estimate guidelines artificially divide equipment into "engineering" (included in the calculation base for supervision service costs) and "technological" (excluded from it). This creates an organizational and legal collision for the engineer, who bears comprehensive responsibility for the quality of the installed object but does not receive the appropriate normative and resource provision. Proving the absence of correlation between the actual labor intensity of technical supervision over equipment installation and its normative cost-estimate division into technological and non-technological. The study utilizes a complex of general scientific and special methods: systemic-normative analysis, structural decomposition of the organizational-technological supervision algorithm, as well as the method of comparative analysis of regulated control operations. The research has confirmed the complete functional identity of construction control processes. It has been established that the regulated algorithm of the engineer's actions remains unchanged: incoming inspection of factory documentation, acceptance of foundations for installation, operational supervision of fastening units, and mandatory participation in individual testing are performed in full regardless of the equipment's normative status. It is proven that the use of equipment for manufacturing the final product or providing services does not alter the technology of its construction control in any way. It has been determined that the real determinants shaping the engineer's actual working time expenditures are exclusively the physical and technical parameters of the object: mass and dimensional characteristics, structural and installation complexity, requirements for alignment accuracy, engineering and communication saturation, and the specifics of commissioning modes. The normative classification of equipment has a purely financial and cost-estimate nature and does not reflect the real organizational workload on the specialist. The obtained results justify the need to depart from existing economic approaches and to develop objective organizational and technological criteria for rationing the labor input of the technical supervision service, which will be based exclusively on the actual complexity of installation processes. 1. Закон України Про архітектурну діяльність, № Zakon Ukrayini Pro arhitekturnu diyalnist, №687-XIV vid 20.05.1999. 2. Кошторисні норми України. Настанова з визначення вартості будівництва. Затверджено наказом Мінрегіону від 01.11.2021 № 281. Koshtorysni normy Ukrainy. Nastanova z vyznachennia vartosti budivnytstva. Zatverdzheno nakazom Minrehionu vid 01.11.2021 № 281. 3. Кириша Р.О. щодо проблематики визначення вартості послуг з технічного нагляду на етапі взаєморозрахунків за обсяги виконаних робіт за звітний період // Наука та будівництво. 2025. Вип. 3 (45). С. 85-92. Kyrysha R.O. shchodo problematyky vyznachennia vartosti posluh z tekhnichnoho nahliadu na etapi vzaiemorozrakhunkiv za obsiahy vykonanykh robit za zvitnyi period // Nauka ta budivnytstvo. 2025. Vyp. 3 (45). S. 85-92. 4. Фірчук В. Р. Особливості виконання договорів будівельного підряду: проєктно-кошторисна документація, сторони та наглядові механізми // Правова позиція. 2025. № 2 (47). С. 79–84. https://doi.org/10.32782/2521-6473.2025-2.14 Firchuk V. R. Osoblyvosti vykonannia dohovoriv budivelnoho pidriadu: proiektno-koshtorysna dokumentatsiia, storony ta nahliadovi mekhanizmy // Pravova pozytsiia. 2025. № 2 (47). S. 79–84 https://doi.org/10.32782/2521-6473.2025-2.14 5. Воронюк Н. П. Адміністративно-правові проблеми та шляхи вдосконалення технічного нагляду за гідротехнічними спорудами внутрішніх водних шляхів // Juris Europensis Scientia : наук. журн. 2024. Вип. 4. С. 49–55. Voroniuk N. P. Administratyvno-pravovi problemy ta shliakhy vdoskonalennia tekhnichnoho nahliadu za hidrotekhnichnymy sporudamy vnutrishnikh vodnykh shliakhiv // Juris Europensis Scientia : nauk. zhurn. 2024. Vyp. 4. S. 49–55. 6. «Порядок здійснення технічного нагляду під час будівництва об’єкта архітектури». Затверджено постановою Кабінету Міністрів України від 11 липня 2007 р. № 903. «Poriadok zdiisnennia tekhnichnoho nahliadu pid chas budivnytstva ob’iekta arkhitektury». Zatverdzheno postanovoiu Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 11 lypnia 2007 r. № 903.